De Pippo Tommaso, Donadio Carlo, Grottola Doriana, Pennetta Micla
Earth Science Department, University of Napoli Federico II, Largo San Marcellino, 10-80138, Napoli, Italy.
Environ Int. 2004 Apr;30(2):199-208. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00174-0.
Analysis of morphological, geological and environmental characteristics of the Fusaro Lagoon has shown the present degraded condition of the lagoon and the perilagoon area. The lagoon developed during the mid-Holocene within a wide marine bay confined between the coastal volcanic structures of Mt. Cuma to the north and Torregaveta to the south in the western part of the Phlegrean Fields. Subsequently, the bay was gradually filled with pyroclastic materials from phlegrean eruptive vents and sediments carried by the rivers Volturno and Clanis, thus, creating an open lagoon. It then evolved into a partially closed lagoon due to the formation of a continuous littoral spit during the late Holocene, probably wider than the present-day one and surrounded by marshlands. Finally, the total closure of the lagoon took place in the Graeco-Roman period, following the stabilization of the dune ridge, and it assumed a shape similar to present-day one only towards the end of the 18th century. Between the Roman period and 1941, three lagoon channels were opened in order to avoid the frequent environmental crises which continue to affect, although for different reasons, this salt-water basin. The basin has been exploited for more than 2000 years not only for mollusc culture and pisciculture, but also for the maceration of hemp and flax. In the 1980s, in order to reduce the effects of the environmental crises, dredging of the lagoon bottom has been carried out, altering the hydrogeological equilibrium and that of the ecosystem. Over the past 30 years, the supply of raw sewage of domestic, agricultural and industrial origin has ensured the presence of a high concentration of pollutants, including heavy metals. On the basis of the data obtained and in order to restore this sensitive transitional environment, eco-compatible interventions are proposed which aim at morphological and hydrologic resettlement, abatement of pollutants on the bottom of the basin, reintroduction of endemic molluscs, together with monitoring the quality of sediments and both sea-lagoon waters and groundwater.
对富萨罗泻湖的形态、地质和环境特征分析表明，该泻湖及泻湖周边区域目前处于退化状态。该泻湖形成于全新世中期，位于弗莱格雷火山地区西部一个广阔的海湾内，北面是库马山的海岸火山构造，南面是托雷加韦塔。随后，海湾逐渐被来自弗莱格雷火山喷发口的火山碎屑物质以及沃尔图诺河和克拉尼斯河携带的沉积物填满，从而形成了一个开阔的泻湖。接着，由于全新世晚期形成了一条连续的滨海沙嘴，泻湖演变成了一个部分封闭的泻湖，其可能比现在的更宽，周围环绕着沼泽地。最后，在希腊罗马时期，随着沙丘脊的稳定，泻湖完全封闭，直到18世纪末才呈现出与现在相似的形状。在罗马时期至1941年期间，为了避免频繁发生的环境危机（尽管原因不同，但这些危机持续影响着这个咸水盆地），人们开通了三条泻湖通道。这个盆地已有2000多年的开发历史，不仅用于贝类养殖和鱼类养殖，还用于大麻和亚麻的浸渍。20世纪80年代，为了减轻环境危机的影响，人们对泻湖底部进行了疏浚，改变了水文地质平衡和生态系统平衡。在过去30年里，来自家庭、农业和工业的原生污水排放导致污染物浓度居高不下，其中包括重金属。根据所获得的数据，为了恢复这个敏感的过渡环境，建议采取生态兼容的干预措施，旨在进行形态和水文重新安置、减少盆地底部的污染物、重新引入当地特有的贝类，同时监测沉积物质量以及海水、泻湖水和地下水的质量。
