William J L, Radu S, Aziz S A, Rahim R A, Cheah Y K, Liwan A, Lihan S
University Putra, Malaysia.
Br J Sports Med. 2004 Feb;38(1):12-4. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2002.000653.
Research has shown that athletes are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus during physical activity.
To estimate the mean total plate count of S aureus carried by footballers before and after training at an indoor venue.
Forty Malay and 20 Indian students volunteered to participate. There was also a control group consisting of 40 Malay and 20 Indian students who were not active. The experimental group were active footballers who had played at school or club level. The subjects were healthy and free of skin infection. The experiment was divided into three sessions, with 20 subjects present at each. At each session, the subjects trained for one hour. Swabs were taken from the skin, nose, and ear before and after training. For the control group, swabs were taken only once from the skin, nose, and ear. The swabs were subjected to biochemical tests and then streaked and cultured aerobically in Baird Parker agar plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Black colonies with a clear zone were presumed to be S aureus, and the mean total plate count of the colonies was estimated. Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production, o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), and mannitol fermentation tests were used to confirm the colonies as S aureus. A haemolysin test was conducted with human blood to confirm haemolytic activity.
All subjects in the experimental group were carrying S aureus both before and after training. The estimated mean total counts of colonies from the skin, ear, and nose for the Malays before training were 33, 71, and 312 respectively. Counts after training were 21, 44, and 452 respectively. The results for the Indians were 72, 80, and 309 respectively before training and 55, 200, and 466 respectively after training. The positive results for Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production, ONPG, and mannitol fermentation tests were 100%, 96%, 95%, 95%, 93%, 93%, and 90% respectively. All subjects in the control group were also carrying S aureus.
All of the players were carriers of S aureus during training. The decrease in total count from the skin for both races may be due to lysozyme activity lysing the bacterial cells. Contamination of the environment with these bacteria may have increased the estimated total plate count in the nose. The experimental group face a higher risk of infection because of lower immunity during training and higher rate of injuries compared with the control group.
研究表明，运动员在体育活动期间是金黄色葡萄球菌的携带者。
估计室内场馆足球运动员训练前后携带的金黄色葡萄球菌的平均总菌落数。
40名马来学生和20名印度学生自愿参与。还有一个由40名马来学生和20名印度学生组成的不活跃对照组。实验组是在学校或俱乐部层面踢球的现役足球运动员。受试者身体健康，无皮肤感染。实验分为三个阶段，每个阶段有20名受试者在场。在每个阶段，受试者训练1小时。在训练前后从皮肤、鼻子和耳朵采集拭子。对于对照组，仅从皮肤、鼻子和耳朵采集一次拭子。将拭子进行生化测试，然后划线并在Baird Parker琼脂平板上于37℃需氧培养24小时。带有清晰区域的黑色菌落被推测为金黄色葡萄球菌，并估计菌落的平均总菌落数。使用革兰氏染色、过氧化氢酶、凝固酶玻片、凝固酶试管、乙酰甲基甲醇生成、邻硝基苯-β-D-半乳糖苷（ONPG）和甘露醇发酵试验来确认菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。用人血进行溶血素试验以确认溶血活性。
实验组所有受试者在训练前后均携带金黄色葡萄球菌。马来人训练前皮肤、耳朵和鼻子的估计平均总菌落数分别为33、71和312。训练后分别为21、44和452。印度人训练前的结果分别为72、80和309，训练后分别为55、200和466。革兰氏染色、过氧化氢酶、凝固酶玻片、凝固酶试管、乙酰甲基甲醇生成、ONPG和甘露醇发酵试验的阳性结果分别为100%、96%、95%、95%、93%、93%和90%。对照组所有受试者也携带金黄色葡萄球菌。
所有运动员在训练期间都是金黄色葡萄球菌的携带者。两个种族皮肤总菌落数的减少可能是由于溶菌酶活性裂解细菌细胞所致。这些细菌对环境的污染可能增加了鼻子中估计的总菌落数。与对照组相比，实验组由于训练期间免疫力较低和受伤率较高而面临更高的感染风险。
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