Emission microscopy and related techniques: resolution in photoelectron microscopy, low energy electron microscopy and mirror electron microscopy.

A unified treatment of the resolution of three closely related techniques is presented: emission electron microscopy (particularly photoelectron microscopy, PEM), low energy electron microscopy (LEEM), and mirror electron microscopy (MEM). The resolution calculation is based on the intensity distribution in the image plane for an object of finite size rather than for a point source. The calculations take into account the spherical and chromatic aberrations of the accelerating field and of the objective lens. Intensity distributions for a range of energies in the electron beam are obtained by adding the single-energy distributions weighted according to the energy distribution function. The diffraction error is taken into account separately. A working resolution is calculated that includes the practical requirement for a finite exposure time, and hence a finite non-zero current in the image. The expressions for the aberration coefficients are the same in PEM and LEEM. The calculated aberrations in MEM are somewhat smaller than for PEM and LEEM. The resolution of PEM is calculated to be about 50 A, assuming conventional UV excitation sources, which provide current densities at the specimen of 5 x 10(-5) A/cm2 and emission energies ranging up to 0.5 eV. A resolution of about 70 A has been demonstrated experimentally. The emission current density at the specimen is higher in LEEM and MEM because an electron gun is used in place of a UV source. For a current density of 5 x 10(-4) A/cm2 and the same electron optical parameters as for PEM, the resolution is calculated to be 27 A for LEEM and 21 A for MEM.