McCulloch A, Waldman L, Rogers J, Guccione J
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1992;20(5-6):427-49.
The regional mechanics of the beating heart are directly related to factors such as ventricular pumping performance, coronary blood flow, myocardial energetics and oxygen consumption, vulnerability to ischemia and injury, hypertrophy and remodeling, and arrhythmogenesis. Important characteristics include: the complex three-dimensional geometry and fibrous architecture; the nonlinear, nonhomogeneous, anisotropic material properties of the myocardium; the hierarchical collagen connective tissue matrix; the time- and history-dependent active tension development of the cardiac muscle cells; and the three-dimensional anisotropic patterns of cardiac impulse propagation. To model these features realistically requires large-scale computational analysis with sophisticated numerical methods. As described in the chapter by Dr. Hunter and colleagues, an accurate three-dimensional finite element model has been developed to describe the geometry, fiber architecture, and extracellular matrix structure of the heart. The model is based on extensive anatomical measurements in the left and right ventricles (LV and RV) of the canine heart. In this chapter, we illustrate some new approaches to the special problems of large-scale finite element modeling in biomechanics using examples from the analysis of stress and electrical activation in the heart. Prospects for further progress--particularly in coupled problems such as cardiac electromechanics--are examined in light of new developments in high-performance computing.
跳动心脏的区域力学与多种因素直接相关，如心室泵血功能、冠状动脉血流、心肌能量学和氧消耗、对缺血和损伤的易感性、肥大和重塑以及心律失常的发生。重要特征包括：复杂的三维几何形状和纤维结构；心肌的非线性、非均匀、各向异性材料特性；分层的胶原结缔组织基质；心肌细胞随时间和历史变化的主动张力发展；以及心脏冲动传播的三维各向异性模式。要逼真地模拟这些特征需要使用复杂的数值方法进行大规模计算分析。正如亨特博士及其同事在本章中所描述的，已经开发出一种精确的三维有限元模型来描述心脏的几何形状、纤维结构和细胞外基质结构。该模型基于对犬心左心室和右心室（LV和RV）的广泛解剖测量。在本章中，我们将通过心脏应力分析和电激活分析中的实例，阐述生物力学中大规模有限元建模特殊问题的一些新方法。鉴于高性能计算的新发展，我们将探讨进一步取得进展的前景，特别是在心脏机电耦合等问题方面。
