Pala Valeria, Sieri Sabina, Palli Domenico, Salvini Simonetta, Berrino Franco, Bellegotti Manuela, Frasca Graziella, Tumino Rosario, Sacerdote Carlotta, Fiorini Laura, Celentano Egidio, Galasso Rocco, Krogh Vittorio
UO Epidemiologia, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Tumori. 2003 Nov-Dec;89(6):594-607. doi: 10.1177/030089160308900603.
One of the aims of the EPIC study is to produce accurate descriptions of the dietary habits of the participants recruited in the 27 EPIC centers of 10 European countries. To do this, different dietary assessment instruments were developed and applied to capture the wide range of diets characterizing the different European populations. Three different food frequency questionnaires were developed for Italy: one for the centers of Varese, Turin and Florence, one for Ragusa and one for Naples. These inquired about eating habits over the previous year and were completed by 46,839 Italian EPIC participants. Specially developed software analyzed the responses and linked them to food composition tables in order to provide a nutritional breakdown of individual and collective diets. A further aim of EPIC was to develop a method of rendering data from different dietary questionnaires comparable. To do this, dietary data were collected from a sample of about 8% of the Italian EPIC cohort, using a standardized computer-driven 24-hour dietary recall interview, and then compared with the dietary data collected by the questionnaires. This paper provides an extensive description of the technical features and performance of the food frequency questionnaires and the 24-hour recall interview, including a comparison of estimates of the intake of different food groups provided by the two instruments. From this comparison, the repeatability and reliability of consumption estimates was assessed, resulting in indications for improving data comparability. The paper also presents food frequency questionnaire estimates of the daily intake of foods and nutrients by center, sex and age group, as well as information on dietary habits such as place and time of intake, and food preparation and preservation methods as provided by the 24-hour recall interview. The picture that emerged is that Italian eating habits are undergoing marked changes, with a tendency to less healthy eating. Documentation of these changes in relation to age, sex and region provides an essential starting point for investigating the influence of diet on the development of cancer and other chronic diseases.
欧洲癌症与营养前瞻性调查（EPIC）研究的目标之一是准确描述在欧洲10个国家的27个EPIC中心招募的参与者的饮食习惯。为此，开发并应用了不同的饮食评估工具，以涵盖不同欧洲人群的广泛饮食特征。针对意大利开发了三种不同的食物频率问卷：一种用于瓦雷泽、都灵和佛罗伦萨的中心，一种用于拉古萨，一种用于那不勒斯。这些问卷询问了前一年的饮食习惯，由46839名意大利EPIC参与者填写。专门开发的软件分析了这些回答，并将其与食物成分表相关联，以便提供个人和总体饮食的营养分解。EPIC的另一个目标是开发一种方法，使来自不同饮食问卷的数据具有可比性。为此，使用标准化的计算机驱动的24小时饮食回顾访谈，从大约8%的意大利EPIC队列样本中收集饮食数据，然后与通过问卷收集的饮食数据进行比较。本文广泛描述了食物频率问卷和24小时回顾访谈的技术特征和性能，包括对两种工具提供的不同食物组摄入量估计值的比较。通过这种比较，评估了消费量估计值的可重复性和可靠性，从而为提高数据可比性提供了指示。本文还列出了按中心、性别和年龄组划分的食物频率问卷对食物和营养素每日摄入量的估计值，以及24小时回顾访谈提供的饮食习惯信息，如摄入地点和时间，以及食物制备和保存方法。呈现出的情况是，意大利的饮食习惯正在发生显著变化，有向不太健康饮食转变的趋势。记录这些与年龄、性别和地区相关的变化，为调查饮食对癌症和其他慢性病发展的影响提供了重要的起点。
