Stehouwer D J
Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
J Neurobiol. 1992 Dec;23(10):1467-85. doi: 10.1002/neu.480231008.
There are dramatic quantitative and qualitative differences in the locomotor behavior of larval and juvenile frogs. Larvae (tadpoles) are primarily herbivourous and rely heavily on locomotion via undulations to acquire food and avoid predation. After metamorphosis, juvenile frogs adopt a carnivorous lifestyle and capture prey and avoid predators by remaining motionless in a place of concealment. When they must move, frogs locomote by means of ballistic hops or by more conventional walking. However, locomotion of both tadpoles and frogs can be considered of two fundamental functional types: (a) startle and escape; and (b) sustained locomotion. Neural mechanisms underlying startle responses and sustained locomotion in larvae and juveniles are described and possible ontogenetic relationships those behaviors are proposed. The role of different parts of the nervous system in the ontogeny of locomotion, as well as nonneuronal factors, are described. Results show that the transition from tadpole-like behavior to frog-like behavior is not a simple function of maturation of central locomotor controls. Rather, it results from a complex interaction of central nervous system maturation, morphological change, and a change in habitat preference. Examples of similar multidimensional control of behavioral ontogeny in other species are described, and it is argued that to understand the ontogeny of behavior, one must investigate contributions made at all levels, from the neuronal to the environmental.
幼体和幼蛙的运动行为在数量和质量上存在显著差异。幼体（蝌蚪）主要以植物为食，严重依赖通过波动进行的运动来获取食物和躲避捕食。变态后，幼蛙采用肉食性的生活方式，通过在隐蔽处保持不动来捕捉猎物和躲避捕食者。当它们必须移动时，青蛙通过弹道式跳跃或更传统的行走方式移动。然而，蝌蚪和青蛙的运动都可以被认为有两种基本功能类型：（a）惊吓和逃避；（b）持续运动。描述了幼体和幼蛙中惊吓反应和持续运动的神经机制，并提出了这些行为可能的个体发育关系。描述了神经系统不同部分在运动个体发育中的作用以及非神经因素。结果表明，从蝌蚪样行为到青蛙样行为的转变不是中枢运动控制成熟的简单函数。相反，它是中枢神经系统成熟、形态变化和栖息地偏好变化复杂相互作用的结果。描述了其他物种中行为个体发育类似多维控制的例子，并认为要理解行为的个体发育，必须研究从神经元到环境各级所做的贡献。
