Phemister M R, Richardson A M, Thomas G V
Child Care Health Dev. 1978 Jul-Aug;4(4):247-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1978.tb00083.x.
An observational study was made of 1-2-year-old children, and of mentally handicapped children functioning at a similar level, to determine the extent to which they involved themselves in play with toys and other objects and the extent to which their day was "empty". Observations of normal children were made in their homes and in day nurseries; observations of mentally handicapped children were made at home, in day care centres (special schools) and in the schools and wards of subnormality hospitals. In no setting were children interacting with adults for more than 20% of their non-routine time. These findings seem to justify concern over independent play with toys and other objects. The handicapped children in all settings had "emptier" days than the normal children, this being accounted for by greater amounts of inattentive handling of objects and self-stimulation and lesser amounts of social interaction and attentive play. However, attentive play scores for the handicapped children varied markedly with setting. In appropriate circumstances, there can be as much spontaneous contact with objects in handicapped children as in normal children at a similar development level. Despite current concern over the effects of day care on the development of very young children, normal children in day nurseries did not differ from normal children at home, either in attentive play scores or in the proportion of nonroutine time spent interacting with adults.
对1至2岁儿童以及功能水平相似的智障儿童进行了一项观察性研究，以确定他们参与玩玩具和其他物品的程度以及他们一天中“空闲”的程度。对正常儿童的观察在他们家中和日托所进行；对智障儿童的观察在他们家中、日托中心（特殊学校）以及低能医院的学校和病房进行。在任何环境中，儿童与成人互动的时间都不超过其非日常时间的20%。这些发现似乎证明了对独立玩玩具和其他物品的担忧是合理的。所有环境中的智障儿童的日子都比正常儿童“更空闲”，这是由于对物品的注意力不集中处理和自我刺激较多，而社交互动和专注玩耍较少。然而，智障儿童的专注玩耍得分因环境不同而有显著差异。在适当的情况下，与处于相似发育水平的正常儿童相比，智障儿童与物品的自发接触可能一样多。尽管目前人们担心日托对幼儿发育的影响，但日托所中的正常儿童在专注玩耍得分或与成人互动的非日常时间比例方面与家中的正常儿童没有差异。
