Neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room of small obstetric units is problematic because of the lack of on-site personnel with adequate training and experience. In large university hospitals this task is usually fulfilled by neonatologists who are present 24 h/day. However, in medium-sized and small obstetric units neonatal resuscitation is performed by a variety of professionals: paediatricians, obstetricians, anaesthetists, midwives, nurses, and nurse anaesthetists. The degree of responsibility and involvement of the anaesthesia specialist in the resuscitation of the newborn in Switzerland is unknown, and therefore an investigation was conducted. METHOD. After a telephone inquiry at all the hospitals in Switzerland, a total of 175 obstetric units were identified. A questionnaire with items regarding organisation, responsibilities, and the extent of involvement of the anaesthesia department of the particular hospital was sent to each of the appropriate anaesthetists. RESULTS. Of the 175 questionnaires, 163 (93%) were returned; 14 could not be analysed (5 were sent to hospitals where there was in fact no obstetric unit and 9 were sent to anaesthetists who shared responsibilities for one unit). In 1988, 76,505 babies were born in Switzerland; two-thirds of these were delivered in hospitals with an annual birth rate of less than 600 births per year. Of the 149 questionnaires that were eligible for further analysis, 118 (79%) documented participation of the anaesthetic team in the resuscitation of the newborn. However, only 22% of these departments had an official contract with the hospital administration. Ninety-nine per cent of all responders agreed that every anaesthetist should have the knowledge--both theoretical and practical--to resuscitate a newborn infant. However, reservations were expressed on how to acquire and how to maintain this competence. The initial evaluation of the newborn was done by an anaesthetist in 3% (2250/76,505) of all deliveries in Switzerland in 1988; 1.2% (882/76,505) of these babies needed bag-and-mask ventilation and in 0.4% (308/76,505) endotracheal intubation was performed by the anaesthetist. Proceeding on the assumption that 5% of all newborns need some sort of resuscitation immediately after birth, it is estimated that in 1988 approximately one-third of resuscitations were performed by anaesthetists. It is therefore concluded that anaesthetists play an important role in the resuscitation of newborns in Switzerland.