Silva Manori J, Barr Dana B, Reidy John A, Malek Nicole A, Hodge Carolyn C, Caudill Samuel P, Brock John W, Needham Larry L, Calafat Antonia M
Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Mar;112(3):331-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6723.
We measured the urinary monoester metabolites of seven commonly used phthalates in approximately 2,540 samples collected from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2000, who were greater than or equal to 6 years of age. We found detectable levels of metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in > 75% of the samples, suggesting widespread exposure in the United States to diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate or diisobutylphthalate, benzylbutyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, respectively. We infrequently detected monoisononyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-n-octyl phthalate, suggesting that human exposures to di-isononyl phthalate, dioctylphthalate, and dicyclohexyl phthalate, respectively, are lower than those listed above, or the pathways, routes of exposure, or pharmacokinetic factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are different. Non-Hispanic blacks had significantly higher concentrations of MEP than did Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Compared with adolescents and adults, children had significantly higher levels of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP but had significantly lower concentrations of MEP. Females had significantly higher concentrations of MEP and MBzP than did males, but similar MEHP levels. Of particular interest, females of all ages had significantly higher concentrations of the reproductive toxicant MBP than did males of all ages; however, women of reproductive age (i.e., 20-39 years of age) had concentrations similar to adolescent girls and women 40 years of age. These population data on exposure to phthalates will serve an important role in public health by helping to set research priorities and by establishing a nationally representative baseline of exposure with which population levels can be compared.
我们对从1999 - 2000年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）中6岁及以上参与者采集的约2540份样本，测量了七种常用邻苯二甲酸酯的尿中单酯代谢物。我们发现超过75%的样本中可检测到邻苯二甲酸单乙酯（MEP）、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯（MBP）、邻苯二甲酸单苄酯（MBzP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2 - 乙基己基）酯（MEHP）的代谢物水平，这表明在美国分别广泛暴露于邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯或邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二（2 - 乙基己基）酯。我们很少检测到邻苯二甲酸单异壬酯、邻苯二甲酸单环己酯和邻苯二甲酸单正辛酯，这表明人类分别对邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和邻苯二甲酸二环己酯的暴露低于上述物质，或者暴露途径、暴露方式或诸如吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等药代动力学因素有所不同。非西班牙裔黑人的MEP浓度显著高于墨西哥裔美国人和非西班牙裔白人。与青少年和成年人相比，儿童的MBP、MBzP和MEHP水平显著更高，但MEP浓度显著更低。女性的MEP和MBzP浓度显著高于男性，但MEHP水平相似。特别值得关注的是，所有年龄段的女性生殖毒性物质MBP浓度均显著高于所有年龄段的男性；然而，育龄女性（即20 - 39岁）的浓度与青春期女孩和40岁女性相似。这些关于邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的人群数据将通过帮助确定研究重点以及建立具有全国代表性的暴露基线，以便与人群水平进行比较，从而在公共卫生中发挥重要作用。
