Silva D A, Friedlander B Z, Knight M S
Am J Ment Defic. 1978 Jul;83(1):29-36.
Residual hearing capabilities of nine severely and profoundly retarded multihandicapped deaf-blind children were determined with an operant procedure that allowed the children to respond by making a selection between two alternative responses. One response option resulted in the presentation of auditory reinforcement (pure tones and speech stimuli of various frequencies); the other option resulted in no reinforcement. Levels of the sound intensity were varied systematically to obtain a "threshold" for selective responding. Each of the severely damaged "untestable" children made numerous meaningful responses throughout the testing sessions, thereby revealing the levels of intensity that could be heard and those that were not high enough to elicit preferential responding. The children responded comparably in conditions employing pure tones and speech. The responses of most of the children were comparable across frequency conditions, although some of the children's records show selective responding at lower levels of intensity for certain frequencies than for others. We also found that varying the level of intensity of the stimuli not only affected the children's selective behavior, but also their time on task measures and their individual patterns of responding.
运用一种操作性程序，测定了九名重度和极重度智力发育迟缓且多重残疾的聋盲儿童的残余听力能力。该程序让儿童在两种可供选择的反应之间做出选择来进行回应。一种反应选项会带来听觉强化（各种频率的纯音和言语刺激）；另一种选项则不会带来强化。系统地改变声音强度水平，以获得选择性反应的“阈值”。在整个测试过程中，每一名严重受损的“无法测试”儿童都做出了大量有意义的反应，从而揭示了他们能够听到的强度水平以及那些不足以引发优先反应的强度水平。在使用纯音和言语的条件下，儿童的反应相当。尽管一些儿童的记录显示，某些频率下在较低强度水平就能产生选择性反应，而在其他频率下则不然，但大多数儿童在不同频率条件下的反应是相当的。我们还发现，改变刺激的强度水平不仅会影响儿童的选择性行为，还会影响他们的任务执行时间以及个体反应模式。
