Sczesny Sabine, Kühnen Ulrich
University of Mannheim, Germany.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004 Jan;30(1):13-21. doi: 10.1177/0146167203258831.
Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons' biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons' sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.
以往的研究结果在男性是否比女性更具领导能力的评判上并不一致。然而，相对于长相女性化的人，长相男性化的人似乎一直被认为是更有能力的领导者。生物性别和外貌的这种不同影响会是由于关于这两个来源的元认知知识的可得性不同吗？研究1的结果表明，个体拥有关于人的生物性别可能产生的偏见影响的元认知知识，但对于人的外貌则没有。在研究2中，参与者对具有男性化或女性化外貌的男性与女性刺激人物的领导能力进行了评判。此外，还对可用的认知能力进行了操控。当有高认知能力时，参与者会校正刺激人物性别的影响，但在认知负荷下他们会受这种影响。然而，外貌的影响并没有因认知能力而有所缓和。
