Kusterer Hanna Li
Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Scand J Psychol. 2008 Dec;49(6):549-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00662.x. Epub 2008 Jun 19.
The present studies sought to investigate what kind of stereotypes are used in Sweden to describe male and female managers, and whether gender-neutral characteristics are used in the description of requisite management characteristics. In Study 1, participants answered open-ended questions on good, bad, female and male management. Requisite management characteristics showed a greater resemblance to the descriptions of female managers than male. In Study 2, female managers were rated more positively than men, and attributes ascribed to men in Study 1 were considered just as descriptive of women. Although participants described female managers more positively than male, responses often implied a norm of men as managers. In this way, prescriptive aspects of the stereotype may still work against female managers, despite the more feminine description of management.
目前的研究旨在调查瑞典用什么样的刻板印象来描述男性和女性管理者，以及在描述必要的管理特征时是否使用了中性特征。在研究1中，参与者回答了关于优秀、糟糕、女性和男性管理的开放式问题。必要的管理特征与对女性管理者的描述比与男性管理者的描述更为相似。在研究2中，女性管理者的评价比男性更积极，并且在研究1中归因于男性的特质被认为同样适用于描述女性。尽管参与者对女性管理者的描述比男性更积极，但回答往往暗示男性作为管理者的一种常态。这样，尽管对管理的描述更具女性化，但刻板印象的规范性方面可能仍然对女性管理者不利。
