Garber P A
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1992 Aug;88(4):469-82. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330880404.
Primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae (Callimico, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, and Saguinus) are small-bodied New World monkeys (105-700 g) possessing clawlike nails on all manual and pedal digits excluding the hallux. Specialized nails in these genera serve a critical function in feeding by enabling tamarins and marmosets to cling to trunks and other large vertical supports while exploiting food resources. Within the subfamily, there is evidence of at least four distinct large-branch feeding patterns. These include (1) seasonal exudate feeding and occasional trunk foraging (many Saguinus spp.); (2) exploitation of bark surface insects and the use of trunks as a platform to locate terrestrial prey (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. nigricollis, and Callimico); (3) manipulative foraging and bark stripping to locate concealed insects and small vertebrates (Leontopithecus); and (4) tree gouging and year-round exudate feeding (many Callithrix). Large-branch feeding and the use of vertical clinging postures appear to be a primary adaptation among virtually all callitrichines, distinguishing them ecologically from other platyrrhine taxa. Given the anatomy and behavior of extant callitrichines, Saguinus appears to be the most ecologically generalized member of this subfamily, and species of this genus may provide useful models for reconstructing the feeding and foraging adaptations of early callitrichines.
狨亚科（伶猴属、狨属、狮面狨属和柽柳猴属）的灵长类动物是小型新大陆猴（体重105 - 700克），除拇趾外，所有手趾和足趾都有爪状指甲。这些属的特化指甲在进食中起着关键作用，使绢毛猴和狨猴能够在利用食物资源时依附于树干和其他大型垂直支撑物。在亚科内部，有证据表明至少存在四种不同的大型分支进食模式。这些模式包括：（1）季节性取食树液并偶尔在树干上觅食（许多柽柳猴属物种）；（2）捕食树皮表面的昆虫并利用树干作为平台定位地面猎物（白领柽柳猴、黑颈柽柳猴和伶猴）；（3）通过操控性觅食和剥树皮来寻找隐藏的昆虫和小型脊椎动物（狮面狨）；以及（4）挖树并全年取食树液（许多狨属物种）。大型分支进食和使用垂直依附姿势似乎是几乎所有狨猴亚科动物的主要适应性特征，这在生态上使它们与其他阔鼻猴类群区分开来。鉴于现存狨猴亚科动物的解剖结构和行为，柽柳猴似乎是该亚科中生态适应性最广泛的成员，该属的物种可能为重建早期狨猴亚科动物的进食和觅食适应性提供有用的模型。
