Zander C Dieter
Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Parasitol Res. 2004 May;93(1):17-29. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1087-7. Epub 2004 Mar 18.
The parasite infracommunity of five goby species (Pomatoschistus minutus, P. pictus, P.microps, Gobiusculus flavescens, Gobius niger) from the south-western Baltic was investigated during spring, summer and autumn of the years 1997-2000. The mean parasite species number in single hosts was high, ranging between 1.1 (P. minutus), 2.1 (P. pictus) to even 3.3 (P. microps). Gobius niger is the only host which lives longer than a year and is infested by almost identical parasites for longer times, i.e. the parasite species composition has greater homogeneity. Most intensity of infestation values peaked in summer and were lowest in autumn; only a few exceptions were found in spring or autumn. Only the Digenea Podocotyle atomon and Cryptocotyle concavum were abundant enough to show a clear seasonal fluctuation in Pomatoschistus minutus, P. pictus and Gobiusculus flavescens. Aphalloides timmi and Apatemon gracilis (Digenea) also attained high intensities in P. microps. These four parasite species and, additionally, Cryptocotyle lingua (Digenea), and Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) can be strongly accumulated from either prey or free-swimming larvae and, thus, decisively influence the structure of the infracommunities. Due to selection by filter mechanisms, rare parasites settle rather by chance after competition with other species. The number of parasite species usually increased significantly with host growth. As many as four parasite species were found at the same time in the intestinal tract microhabitat of Gobius niger and P. minutus; at most three parasite species were present on the skin and fins or in the body cavity. The level of infection is due to the respective life history patterns and the kinds of prey, which harbour different parasites as intermediate hosts. Additionally, it depends on the time of appearance of goby offspring in the course of the year.
1997 - 2000年的春季、夏季和秋季，对来自波罗的海西南部的五种虾虎鱼（细纹矛尾虾虎鱼、斑纹矛尾虾虎鱼、小头矛尾虾虎鱼、黄褐新糠虾虎鱼、黑虾虎鱼）的寄生虫群落进行了调查。单个宿主中的平均寄生虫种类数量较高，范围从1.1（细纹矛尾虾虎鱼）、2.1（斑纹矛尾虾虎鱼）到甚至3.3（小头矛尾虾虎鱼）。黑虾虎鱼是唯一寿命超过一年的宿主，并且在更长时间内受到几乎相同的寄生虫感染，即寄生虫种类组成具有更大的同质性。大多数感染强度值在夏季达到峰值，在秋季最低；在春季或秋季仅发现少数例外情况。只有复殖吸虫阿托蒙片形吸虫和凹形隐殖吸虫在细纹矛尾虾虎鱼、斑纹矛尾虾虎鱼和黄褐新糠虾虎鱼中数量足够多，呈现出明显的季节性波动。蒂姆氏无睾吸虫和纤细阿帕特吸虫（复殖吸虫）在小头矛尾虾虎鱼中也达到了高感染强度。这四种寄生虫种类，此外还有舌形隐殖吸虫（复殖吸虫）和希氏线虫属（线虫），可以从猎物或自由游动的幼虫中大量积累，从而决定性地影响群落的结构。由于过滤机制的选择，稀有寄生虫在与其他物种竞争后相当偶然地定居下来。寄生虫种类数量通常随着宿主生长而显著增加。在黑虾虎鱼和细纹矛尾虾虎鱼的肠道微生境中同时发现多达四种寄生虫种类；在皮肤和鳍或体腔中最多存在三种寄生虫种类。感染水平取决于各自的生活史模式和猎物种类，猎物作为中间宿主携带不同的寄生虫。此外，它还取决于虾虎鱼后代在一年中的出现时间。
