Anatomic and physiologic considerations in ureteroscopy.

The successful and safe implementation of ureteroscopic techniques depends on considerations of anatomy and physiology. Combining knowledge of the drainage system of the kidney with its vascular supply, predictive patterns of incisions can be applied within the collecting system to safely avoid vascular injury. In addition, awareness of the variation in normal and pathologic anatomy and physiology is key to effective interventions. An appreciation of the impact of ureteroscopy on normal anatomy and physiology can prevent complications and promote improved therapeutic outcomes.