Keel Brooks A
Florida State University College of Medicine, 109 Westcott, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
Acad Med. 2004 Apr;79(4):333-42. doi: 10.1097/00001888-200404000-00010.
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax mail attacks, have had a profound impact on Americans' personal and professional lives and have sparked an active debate regarding the delicate balance between the need for national security and the pursuit of academic freedom. Although academic freedom can be defined in many ways, there are four primary tenets of freedom in an academic environment: freedom to research, freedom to publish, freedom to teach, and freedom to speak. Each of these tenets has come under attack in the wake of September 11, 2001. In this report the author further defines academic freedom and reflects upon recent events that have had a real or perceived impact on this freedom, including (1) attempts to categorize and restrict some research as "sensitive," (2) implementation of export control laws and select agent regulations, (3) limitations on the publication of research findings, (4) prohibition of certain foreign nationals from collaborating with U.S. researchers and receiving education and training in U.S. colleges and universities, and (5) restraint of faculty free speech. The author offers some suggestions as to how academia might achieve a proper balance between protecting our national security while promoting and maintaining academic freedom.
2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击以及随后的炭疽邮件袭击，对美国人的个人生活和职业生活产生了深远影响，并引发了一场关于国家安全需求与学术自由追求之间微妙平衡的激烈辩论。尽管学术自由可以从多种角度进行定义，但在学术环境中，自由主要有四个核心原则：研究自由、出版自由、教学自由和言论自由。2001年9月11日之后，这些原则中的每一项都受到了冲击。在本报告中，作者进一步界定了学术自由，并反思了近期对这一自由产生实际或可感知影响的事件，包括：（1）试图将某些研究归类并限制为“敏感”研究；（2）实施出口管制法律和特定病原体管制条例；（3）对研究结果发表的限制；（4）禁止某些外国公民与美国研究人员合作以及在美国高校接受教育和培训；（5）对教师言论自由的限制。作者就学术界如何在保护国家安全的同时促进和维护学术自由方面实现适当平衡提出了一些建议。
