Hardin E C, Su A, van den Bogert A J
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation ND-2, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
J Biomech. 2004 May;37(5):637-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.030.
Muscles have a potentially important effect on lower extremity injuries during an automobile collision. Computational modeling can be a powerful tool to predict these effects and develop protective interventions. Our purpose was to determine how muscles influence peak foot and ankle forces during an automobile collision. A 2-D bilateral musculoskeletal model was constructed with seven segments. Six muscle groups were included in the right lower extremity, each represented by a Hill muscle model. Vehicle deceleration data were applied as input and the resulting movements were simulated. Three models were evaluated: no muscles (NM), minimal muscle activation at a brake pedal force of 400 N (MN), and maximal muscle activation to simulate panic braking (MX). Muscle activation always resulted in large increases in peak joint force. Peak ankle joint force was greatest for MX (10120 N), yet this model also had the lowest peak rearfoot force (629 N). Peak force on the Achilles tendon was 4.5 times greater, during MX (6446 N) compared to MN (1430 N). We conclude that (1). external and internal forces are dependent on muscles, (2). muscle activation level could exacerbate axial loading injuries, (3). external and internal forces can be inversely related once muscle properties are included.
在汽车碰撞过程中，肌肉对下肢损伤可能具有重要影响。计算建模是预测这些影响并开发防护干预措施的有力工具。我们的目的是确定肌肉在汽车碰撞过程中如何影响足部和踝关节的峰值力。构建了一个包含七个节段的二维双侧肌肉骨骼模型。右下肢纳入了六组肌肉，每组均由希尔肌肉模型表示。将车辆减速数据作为输入，并模拟由此产生的运动。评估了三个模型：无肌肉模型（NM）、制动踏板力为400 N时最小肌肉激活模型（MN）以及模拟紧急制动的最大肌肉激活模型（MX）。肌肉激活总是导致峰值关节力大幅增加。MX模型的踝关节峰值力最大（10120 N），但该模型的后足峰值力也最低（629 N）。与MN模型（1430 N）相比，MX模型中跟腱的峰值力大4.5倍（6446 N）。我们得出以下结论：（1）. 外力和内力取决于肌肉；（2）. 肌肉激活水平可能会加剧轴向负荷损伤；（3）. 一旦纳入肌肉特性，外力和内力可能呈负相关。
