Kant Ashima K
Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Apr;104(4):615-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.01.010.
A systematic review of the literature on dietary patterns (multiple dietary components operationalized as a single exposure) in relation to nutrient adequacy, lifestyle and demographic variables, and health outcome was conducted. Most of the published reports on the subject have used one of two methods to determine dietary patterns: (a) diet indexes or scores that assess compliance with prevailing dietary guidance as dietary patterns, and (b) data-driven methods that use factor or cluster analysis to derive dietary patterns. Irrespective of the approach used, patterns characterized by fruit/vegetable/whole grain/fish/poultry consumption generally have been reported to relate to micronutrient intake, and to selected biomarkers of dietary exposure and disease risk in the expected direction. Age, income, and education have been reported to be among positive predictors of the so-called more healthful dietary patterns. An inverse association of healthful dietary patterns with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk was reported in most studies. However, the magnitude of risk reduction was modest and was attenuated after control for confounders. Few published studies showed an association between risk of most incident cancers and dietary patterns. Both of the currently used approaches for extracting dietary patterns have limitations, are subject to dietary measurement errors, and have not generated new diet and disease hypotheses.
对饮食模式（将多种饮食成分作为单一暴露因素进行操作化）与营养充足性、生活方式和人口统计学变量以及健康结果相关的文献进行了系统综述。关于该主题的大多数已发表报告使用以下两种方法之一来确定饮食模式：（a）将评估对现行饮食指南的依从性的饮食指数或分数作为饮食模式，以及（b）使用因子或聚类分析来推导饮食模式的数据驱动方法。无论使用何种方法，通常报告以水果/蔬菜/全谷物/鱼类/家禽消费为特征的模式与微量营养素摄入以及饮食暴露和疾病风险的选定生物标志物呈预期方向相关。年龄、收入和教育被报告为所谓更健康饮食模式的正向预测因素。大多数研究报告了健康饮食模式与全因死亡率和心血管疾病风险之间的负相关。然而，风险降低的幅度较小，在控制混杂因素后有所减弱。很少有已发表的研究表明大多数新发癌症的风险与饮食模式之间存在关联。目前用于提取饮食模式的两种方法都有局限性，容易受到饮食测量误差的影响，并且没有产生新的饮食与疾病假说。
