Goetz Frederick W, Planas Josep V, MacKenzie Simon
Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Dev Comp Immunol. 2004 May 3;28(5):487-97. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2003.09.008.
Since the discovery of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin, many structurally related factors have been elucidated in mammals that are grouped together in the TNF Ligand Superfamily. These factors have profound pleiotropic roles involving inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation and stimulation of the immune system. TNF has only been isolated from mammals and fish. While two TNFs (alpha and beta) are present in mammals, it appears that only one form of TNF is found in fish that is more similar in structure and genomic organization to mammalian TNFalpha. TNF transcripts are expressed in both mammals and fish with similar kinetics, and the involvement of NF-kappaB in TNF expression in fish suggests that transcriptional regulation may be similar within vertebrates. Mammalian TNFalpha stimulates macrophage activity in fish and birds, and in both groups of vertebrates, macrophage-derived supernatants have been shown to contain TNF-like activities, suggesting the presence of bioactive native TNFalpha.
自从发现肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）和淋巴毒素以来，在哺乳动物中已经阐明了许多结构相关的因子，它们被归为TNF配体超家族。这些因子具有涉及炎症、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖和免疫系统刺激的深远多效性作用。TNF仅从哺乳动物和鱼类中分离出来。虽然哺乳动物中有两种TNF（α和β），但鱼类中似乎只发现一种形式的TNF，其结构和基因组组织与哺乳动物的TNFα更相似。TNF转录本在哺乳动物和鱼类中均以相似的动力学表达，并且NF-κB参与鱼类中TNF的表达表明脊椎动物体内的转录调控可能相似。哺乳动物的TNFα刺激鱼类和鸟类中的巨噬细胞活性，并且在这两组脊椎动物中，巨噬细胞衍生的上清液已被证明含有TNF样活性，这表明存在生物活性天然TNFα。
