James R, Bennett P G, Krause J
Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
J Theor Biol. 2004 May 7;228(1):107-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.12.005.
We present a two-dimensional individual-based model of aggregation behaviour in animals by introducing the concept of a "limited domain of danger", which represents either a limited detection range or a limited attack range of predators. The limited domain of danger provides a suitable framework for the analysis of individual movement rules under real-life conditions because it takes into account the predator's prey detection and capture abilities. For the first time, a single geometrical construct can be used to analyse the predation risk of both peripheral and central individuals in a group. Furthermore, our model provides a conceptual framework that can be equally applied to aggregation behaviour and refuge use and thus presents a conceptual advance on current theory that treats these antipredator behaviours separately. An analysis of individual movement rules using limited domains of danger showed that the time minimization strategy outcompetes the nearest neighbour strategy proposed by Hamilton's (J. Theor. Biol. 31 (1971) 295) selfish herd model, whereas a random strategy confers no benefit and can even be disadvantageous. The superior performance of the time minimization strategy highlights the importance of taking biological constraints, such as an animal's orientation relative to its neighbours, into account when searching for efficient movement rules underlying the aggregation process.
我们通过引入“有限危险域”的概念，提出了一种基于个体的二维动物聚集行为模型，该“有限危险域”代表捕食者的有限探测范围或有限攻击范围。有限危险域为分析现实条件下的个体运动规则提供了一个合适的框架，因为它考虑了捕食者的猎物探测和捕获能力。首次可以使用单一几何结构来分析群体中边缘个体和中心个体的捕食风险。此外，我们的模型提供了一个概念框架，该框架可同样应用于聚集行为和避难所使用，因此在当前将这些反捕食行为分开处理的理论基础上有了概念上的进步。使用有限危险域对个体运动规则进行分析表明，时间最小化策略优于汉密尔顿（《理论生物学杂志》31卷（1971年）第295页）的自私群体模型提出的最近邻策略，而随机策略没有任何益处，甚至可能是不利的。时间最小化策略的优越性能凸显了在寻找聚集过程背后的有效运动规则时考虑生物限制因素（如动物相对于其邻居的方向）的重要性。
