Henry Julie D, MacLeod Mairi S, Phillips Louise H, Crawford John R
School of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Psychol Aging. 2004 Mar;19(1):27-39. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.27.
A meta-analysis of prospective memory (PM) studies revealed that in laboratory settings younger participants outperform older participants on tests of both time- and event-based PM (rs=-.39 and -.34, respectively). Event-based PM tasks that impose higher levels of controlled strategic demand are associated with significantly larger age effects than event-based PM tasks that are supported by relatively more automatic processes (rs=-.40 vs. -.14, respectively). However, contrary to the prevailing view in the literature, retrospective memory as measured by free recall is associated with significantly greater age-related decline (r=-.52) than PM, and older participants perform substantially better than their younger counterparts in naturalistic PM studies (rs=.35 and.52 for event- and time-based PM, respectively).
一项关于前瞻性记忆（PM）研究的荟萃分析表明，在实验室环境中，年轻参与者在基于时间和基于事件的PM测试中表现优于年长参与者（相关系数分别为-.39和-.34）。与由相对更自动化过程支持的基于事件的PM任务相比，施加更高水平控制性策略需求的基于事件的PM任务与显著更大的年龄效应相关（相关系数分别为-.40和-.14）。然而，与文献中的主流观点相反，通过自由回忆测量的回顾性记忆与年龄相关的下降幅度（相关系数为-.52）显著大于PM，并且在自然主义PM研究中，年长参与者的表现明显优于年轻参与者（基于事件和基于时间的PM的相关系数分别为.35和.52）。
