Wang Yinya, Ren Zhi, Yue Yaqi, Zheng Xi, Zhang Xinyuan, Wang Lijuan
School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.
Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China.
Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Mar 13;14(3):233. doi: 10.3390/bs14030233.
Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) refers to the ability of an individual to successfully execute an expected plan in the future at a certain time point or after a definite period of time. This study investigated the potential developmental mechanism of school-age children's TBPM ability from the perspective of time monitoring. Experiment 1 used a between-subjects design of three ages (7, 9, 11) × two TBPM types (time point, time period) to investigate the trends and characteristics of two types of TBPM in children aged 7-11 years old. Experiment 2 used a between-subjects design of three ages (7, 9, 11) × two monitoring conditions (free monitoring, fixed monitoring) to investigate differences in two types of TBPM and monitoring behavior among school-age children under different monitoring conditions. These results showed that the age effect of TBPM was affected by the type of prospective memory (PM) and that time-point PM performance was significantly better than time-period PM performance among school-age children. These findings indicate that clear and definite external cues are helpful for school-age children in performing TBPM tasks. Moreover, there were significant differences found in the TBPM performance of school-age children under different time monitoring conditions. The performance of older children was significantly better than that of younger children. This indicates that older children can better allocate their attentional resources and use time monitoring strategies to improve their performance in PM tasks. Accordingly, this study showed that the TBPM ability of 7- to 11-year-old children is in continuous development and that the time monitoring behavior in the TBPM task is affected by task type and monitoring conditions.
基于时间的前瞻记忆（TBPM）是指个体在未来某个时间点或一段确定时间后成功执行预期计划的能力。本研究从时间监控的角度探讨了学龄儿童TBPM能力的潜在发展机制。实验1采用了三个年龄（7岁、9岁、11岁）×两种TBPM类型（时间点、时间段）的组间设计，以研究7至11岁儿童两种类型TBPM的发展趋势和特点。实验2采用了三个年龄（7岁、9岁、11岁）×两种监控条件（自由监控、固定监控）的组间设计，以研究不同监控条件下学龄儿童两种类型TBPM及监控行为的差异。这些结果表明，TBPM的年龄效应受前瞻记忆（PM）类型的影响，且在学龄儿童中，时间点PM表现显著优于时间段PM表现。这些发现表明，清晰明确的外部线索有助于学龄儿童执行TBPM任务。此外，不同时间监控条件下学龄儿童的TBPM表现存在显著差异。年龄较大儿童的表现显著优于年龄较小儿童。这表明年龄较大的儿童能够更好地分配注意力资源，并使用时间监控策略来提高他们在PM任务中的表现。因此，本研究表明，7至11岁儿童的TBPM能力处于持续发展中，且TBPM任务中的时间监控行为受任务类型和监控条件的影响。
