Chodaczek Grzegorz
Zakład Terapii, Doświadczalnej Instytutu Immunologii i Terapii, Doświadczalnej PAN im. L. Hirszfelda.
Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2004 Mar 2;58:47-59.
Modern vaccines, based on antigen subunits are devoid of many side-effects, but often lack immunogenicity. The addition of adjuvants to vaccine formulas can overcome this problem. As a very heterogeneous group of substances, adjuvants enhance immune response to weak antigens in different ways. They protect against the rapid degradation of immunogen in the organism after inoculation. They can form a reservoir of antigens (the depot effect), increasing the vaccine's persistence at the injection site and the draining lymph nodes. Adjuvants also nonspecifically activate immune cells,including antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. In such a case, the elevated immunogenicity of the antigen results from a bystander effect: by choosing an appropriate adjuvant or a mixture of them, one can direct the type of immune response, toward the generation of cell-mediated immunity (Th1) or the stimulation of the production of specific antibodies (Th2). Recognition of the exact mechanisms of antigen processing and cell interactions will allow constructing more effective vaccines.
基于抗原亚单位的现代疫苗没有许多副作用，但往往缺乏免疫原性。在疫苗配方中添加佐剂可以克服这个问题。作为一类非常异质的物质，佐剂以不同方式增强对弱抗原的免疫反应。它们可防止接种后免疫原在体内快速降解。它们能形成抗原储存库（储存效应），增加疫苗在注射部位和引流淋巴结的存留时间。佐剂还能非特异性激活免疫细胞，包括抗原呈递细胞和淋巴细胞。在这种情况下，抗原免疫原性的提高源于旁观者效应：通过选择合适的佐剂或其混合物，可以引导免疫反应的类型，朝着产生细胞介导免疫（Th1）或刺激特异性抗体产生（Th2）的方向发展。认识抗原加工和细胞相互作用的确切机制将有助于构建更有效的疫苗。
