Srivastava Atul, Gowda Devegowda Vishakante, Madhunapantula SubbaRao V, Shinde Chetan G, Iyer Meenakshi
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore, India.
APMIS. 2015 Apr;123(4):275-88. doi: 10.1111/apm.12351. Epub 2015 Jan 29.
Mucosal immune responses are the first-line defensive mechanisms against a variety of infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious agents make their entry, helps to protect the body against infections. Hence, vaccinization of mucosal surfaces by using mucosal vaccines provides the basis for generating protective immunity both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over parenteral immunization. For example, (i) ease of administration; (ii) non-invasiveness; (iii) high-patient compliance; and (iv) suitability for mass vaccination. Despite these benefits, to date, only very few mucosal vaccines have been developed using whole microorganisms and approved for use in humans. This is due to various challenges associated with the development of an effective mucosal vaccine that can work against a variety of infections, and various problems concerned with the safe delivery of developed vaccine. For instance, protein antigen alone is not just sufficient enough for the optimal delivery of antigen(s) mucosally. Hence, efforts have been made to develop better prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for improved mucosal Th1 and Th2 immune responses using an efficient and safe immunostimulatory molecule and novel delivery carriers. Therefore, in this review, we have made an attempt to cover the recent advancements in the development of adjuvants and delivery carriers for safe and effective mucosal vaccine production.
黏膜免疫反应是抵御各种感染的一线防御机制。因此，对大多数感染因子进入人体的黏膜表面进行免疫接种，有助于保护身体免受感染。因此，使用黏膜疫苗对黏膜表面进行疫苗接种为在黏膜和全身免疫区室中产生保护性免疫提供了基础。与注射免疫相比，黏膜疫苗具有几个优点。例如，（i）易于给药；（ii）非侵入性；（iii）患者依从性高；（iv）适合大规模接种。尽管有这些优点，但迄今为止，仅开发了极少数使用完整微生物的黏膜疫苗并被批准用于人类。这是由于开发一种能抵御各种感染的有效黏膜疫苗存在各种挑战，以及与已开发疫苗的安全递送相关的各种问题。例如，仅蛋白质抗原不足以实现抗原在黏膜的最佳递送。因此，人们已努力开发更好的预防性和治疗性疫苗，以利用高效且安全的免疫刺激分子和新型递送载体改善黏膜Th1和Th2免疫反应。因此，在本综述中，我们试图涵盖用于安全有效生产黏膜疫苗的佐剂和递送载体开发的最新进展。
