MacFarlane Campbell
Emergency Medical Services Training, Gauteng Provincial Government, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003 Apr-Jun;18(2):133-9. doi: 10.1017/s1049023x00000893.
The Republic of South Africa lies at the southern tip of the African continent. The population encompasses a variety of races, ethnic groups, religions, and cultural identities. The country has had a turbulent history from early tribal conflicts, colonialisation, the apartheid period, and post-apartheid readjustment. Modern terrorism developed mainly during the apartheid period, both by activities of the state and by the liberation movements that continued to the time of the first democratic elections in 1994, which saw South Africa evolve into a fully representative democratic state with equal rights for all. Since 1994, terrorist acts have been criminal-based, evolving in the Cape Town area to political acts, largely laid at the feet of a predominantly Muslim organisation, People against Gangsterism and Drugs, a vigilant organisation allegedly infiltrated by Muslim fundamentalists. Along with this, has been terrorist activities, mainly bombings by disaffected members of white, right-wing groups. In the apartheid era, a Draconian series of laws was enacted to suppress liberation activities. After 1994, most of these were repealed and new legislation was enacted, particularly after the events of 11 September 2001; this legislation allows the government to act against terrorism within the constraints of a democratic system. Disaster management in South Africa has been largely local authority-based, with input from provincial authorities and Civil Defence. After 1994, attempts were made to improve this situation, and national direction was provided. After 11 September 2001, activity was increased and the Disaster Management Act 2002 was brought into effect. This standardized disaster management system at national, provincial, and local levels, also facilites risk assessment and limitation as well as disaster mitigation. The potential still exists for terrorism, mainly from right-wing and Muslim fundamentalist groups, but the new legislation should stimulate disaster management in South Africa to new and improved levels.
南非共和国位于非洲大陆的南端。其人口涵盖了各种种族、民族、宗教和文化身份。该国经历了一段动荡的历史，从早期的部落冲突、殖民统治、种族隔离时期到种族隔离后的重新调整。现代恐怖主义主要在种族隔离时期发展起来，这既源于国家的活动，也源于解放运动，这些运动一直持续到1994年首次民主选举之时，那次选举见证了南非演变成一个对所有人都有平等权利的完全具有代表性的民主国家。自1994年以来，恐怖主义行为一直以犯罪为基础，在开普敦地区演变成政治行为，主要归咎于一个以穆斯林为主的组织——“反黑帮和毒品人民组织”，这是一个据称被穆斯林原教旨主义者渗透的警戒组织。与此同时，还有恐怖主义活动，主要是由心怀不满的白人右翼团体成员实施的爆炸事件。在种族隔离时代，颁布了一系列严厉的法律来镇压解放活动。1994年之后，其中大部分法律被废除，并颁布了新的立法，特别是在2001年9月11日事件之后；这项立法允许政府在民主制度的框架内打击恐怖主义。南非的灾害管理主要以地方当局为基础，省级当局和民防部门也提供了投入。1994年之后，人们试图改善这种状况，并提供了国家指导。2001年9月11日之后，相关活动有所增加，《2002年灾害管理法》开始生效。这在国家、省和地方各级规范了灾害管理系统，也有助于进行风险评估和限制以及减灾。恐怖主义的可能性仍然存在，主要来自右翼和穆斯林原教旨主义团体，但新的立法应该会促使南非的灾害管理达到新的、更高的水平。
