Walsh Clare R, Johnson-Laird P N
Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University, Box 1978, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2004 Jan;32(1):96-106. doi: 10.3758/bf03195823.
Co-reference occurs when two or more noun phrases refer to the same individual, as in the following inferential problem: Mark is kneeling by the fire or he is looking at the TV but not both. / Mark is kneeling by the fire. / Is he looking at the TV? In three experiments, we compared co-referential reasoning problems with problems referring to different individuals. Experiment 1 showed that co-reference improves accuracy. In Experiment 2, we replicated that finding and showed that co-reference speeds up both reading and inference. Experiment 3 showed that the effects of co-reference are greatest when the premises and the conclusion share co-referents. These effects led the participants to make illusory inferences--that is, to draw systematically invalid conclusions. The results are discussed in terms of the mental model theory of reasoning.
当两个或更多名词短语指代同一个个体时，就会出现共指现象，如下列推理问题所示：马克正跪在炉火旁，或者他在看电视，但两者不会同时发生。/ 马克正跪在炉火旁。/ 他在看电视吗？在三项实验中，我们将共指推理问题与指代不同个体的问题进行了比较。实验1表明，共指提高了准确性。在实验2中，我们重复了这一发现，并表明共指加快了阅读和推理速度。实验3表明，当前提和结论共享共指对象时，共指的影响最大。这些影响导致参与者做出错误推理——也就是说，得出系统上无效的结论。我们根据推理的心理模型理论对结果进行了讨论。
