Ayres Kenneth, Bandy Utpala, Drew Helen, Fulton John P, Hayes Gregory, Getman Alan, Gurba Kristen, Hanofin Christofer, Lopes-Duguay Liz, Marshall Robert J, Mehta Shashi, Powell Stephanie
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, USA.
Med Health R I. 2004 Mar;87(3):84-6.
Thanks largely to systematic larviciding by the State's 39 municipalities, and aided by the public's destruction of "backyard" mosquito habitats and adoption of personal protective measures (clothing, repellant), Rhode Island minimized the potential human burden of WNV during the 2003 mosquito season (six serious WNV cases, one death, and no reports of WNV-tainted blood donations). The potential burden of WNV on domestic animals was also reduced through immunization. Nonetheless, the State's first WNV death reminds us of the danger this disease poses for the very young, for elders, and for people of all ages who are immune-compromised. Similarly, the widespread location of birds positive for WNV signifies the ubiquity of risk. All mosquitoes must be avoided. Based on its experience with WNV control over the past few years, the State will continue and enhance its surveillance and control efforts in 2004. Once again, systematic larviciding by municipalities and continuing public education through multiple channels will form the backbone of control, supported by active surveillance for the virus in the wild, in domestic animals, and in humans. For the latter effort, the vigilance of the health care community is of signal importance to the protection of the public. Every human case is investigated thoroughly, to establish as accurately as possible the time and place of exposure. DEM and HEALTH use this information to assess potential weaknesses in WNV control efforts, and to take corrective action, as necessary. Health care providers also play an essential role in public education, reminding patients (all patients, but especially the very young, elders, and the immune-compromised) to avoid mosquito bites. Discussing the avoidance of mosquito bites with patients who engage in regular outdoor activity is especially important. School physicians and the medical directors of nursing homes are well-positioned to keep mosquito control and avoidance on the agenda of their respective institutions. Together, we can control the burden of this disease among domestic animals and humans, if we continue to pursue mosquito control and personal protection aggressively. If we don't, the potential for tragedy is tremendous, as evidenced by the recent experience of other regions of the country.
很大程度上得益于该州39个市镇的系统性灭蚊幼虫措施，再加上民众对“后院”蚊虫栖息地的破坏以及采取个人防护措施（穿着防护服、使用驱蚊剂），罗德岛在2003年蚊虫季节将西尼罗河病毒对人类的潜在危害降至最低（6例严重的西尼罗河病毒病例，1例死亡，且无西尼罗河病毒污染血液捐赠的报告）。通过免疫接种，西尼罗河病毒对家畜的潜在危害也有所降低。尽管如此，该州首例西尼罗河病毒死亡病例提醒我们，这种疾病对幼儿、老年人以及所有免疫功能低下的人都构成危险。同样，西尼罗河病毒呈阳性的鸟类广泛分布表明风险无处不在。必须避免接触所有蚊子。根据该州过去几年防控西尼罗河病毒的经验，2004年将继续并加强监测和防控工作。市镇再次进行系统性灭蚊幼虫措施，通过多种渠道持续开展公众教育仍将是防控的核心，同时对野生动物、家畜和人类中的病毒进行主动监测。对于后者，医疗保健界的警惕性对于保护公众至关重要。每一例人类病例都会进行彻底调查，尽可能准确地确定接触时间和地点。环境管理部和卫生部利用这些信息评估西尼罗河病毒防控工作中可能存在的薄弱环节，并在必要时采取纠正措施。医疗保健提供者在公众教育中也发挥着重要作用，提醒患者（所有患者，尤其是幼儿、老年人和免疫功能低下者）避免蚊虫叮咬。与经常进行户外活动的患者讨论避免蚊虫叮咬尤为重要。学校医生和养老院的医疗主任能够很好地将蚊虫控制和预防工作提上各自机构的议程。如果我们继续积极地进行蚊虫控制和个人防护，我们就能控制这种疾病在家畜和人类中的危害。如果不这样做，悲剧发生的可能性将非常大，该国其他地区最近的经历就是明证。
