The effect of thallium on the growth of Lemna minor and plant tissue concentrations in relation to both exposure and toxicity.

The effect of thallium on frond production and the rates of increase in surface area and fresh weight in Lemna minor were examined in terms of concentrations of the element in the growth medium and in the plant. The toxicity indices, EC(50) and threshold concentration, indicate that curtailment of frond expansion occurs at a lower thallium exposure than inhibition of frond multiplication. Production of smaller fronds, rather than chlorosis, was the most notable initial response to thallium stress and, below the threshold of toxicity, enhanced multiplication rates were recorded. Subsequent recovery in thallium-free medium was significant in the region of EC(50) exposures and below, but very little recovery occurred at higher exposures. Lemna minor has a remarkable capacity to accumulate thallium, and accumulation factors of 88 x 10(3) at low exposures, and 6 x 10(3) at high exposures, were recorded, which would suggest some form of active uptake.