Eeva T, Ojanen M, Räsänen O, Lehikoinen E
Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
Environ Pollut. 2000 Aug;109(2):303-9. doi: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00256-0.
Great tits (Parus major) are sometimes found to incubate in their nests even though the nests contain no eggs. This phenomenon has been observed in different parts of Europe (Sweden, Finland, UK, Netherlands, Germany) and it has become more common during the 1980s. We analysed the occurrence of empty nests in P. major and in pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in SW Finland from 6-year data collected in a polluted area around a copper smelter which emits large quantities of sulphuric oxides and heavy metals. Among first broods 3.3% of P. major females incubated in empty nests. Incubation on empty nests was not observed in F. hypoleuca, but in this species 2.4% of the nests remained without eggs. In both species empty nests were more common close to the pollution source than farther away. Histopathological analyses in P. major suggest that there are diverse reasons for the incapability of a female to lay. One out of five P. major females captured from incubating in an empty nest had dark cysts in her oviduct. Two P. major females had very scanty medullary bone tissue in their tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and one female showed exceptionally high concentrations of lead in her bone tissue. We conclude that air pollutants enhance the number of empty nests especially in F. hypoleuca, but cannot wholly explain the phenomenon in P. major.
大山雀（Parus major）有时会被发现在巢中孵卵，即便巢中没有蛋。这种现象在欧洲不同地区（瑞典、芬兰、英国、荷兰、德国）都有观察到，并且在20世纪80年代变得更为常见。我们根据在一家排放大量二氧化硫和重金属的铜冶炼厂周边污染区域收集的6年数据，分析了芬兰西南部大山雀和斑姬鹟（Ficedula hypoleuca）中空巢的出现情况。在第一批育雏中，3.3%的大山雀雌鸟在空巢中孵卵。在斑姬鹟中未观察到在空巢中孵卵的情况，但在该物种中，有2.4%的巢没有蛋。在这两个物种中，靠近污染源处的空巢比远处更为常见。对大山雀的组织病理学分析表明，雌鸟无法产卵存在多种原因。从在空巢中孵卵的大山雀雌鸟中捕获的五分之一雌鸟，其输卵管中有深色囊肿。两只大山雀雌鸟的胫跗骨和跗跖骨中的骨髓骨组织非常稀少，还有一只雌鸟的骨组织中铅含量异常高。我们得出结论，空气污染物增加了空巢的数量，尤其是在斑姬鹟中，但不能完全解释大山雀中的这种现象。
