Photosynthetic pigment composition and photosystem II photochemistry of wheat ears.

The characteristics of pigment composition and photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in the flag leaf and ear parts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the field was compared. At the early stage of flowering, awns and the flag leaf showed the highest values in the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), actual PSII efficiency (phi(PSII)), photochemical quenching (qP), and the efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII centres (Fv/F'm), followed by glumes, lemmas, and paleae, respectively except that no differences in F'v/F'm were observed among glumes, leamms, and paleae. With progressing grain filling, there was a change in the photosynthetic pigment stoichiometry. In the ear parts, neoxanthin and antheraxanthin decreased equally with chlorophyll levels. Lutein and zeaxanthin decreased less than chlorophyll levels while beta-carotene and violaxanthin decreased faster than chlorophyll levels. No big differences in pigment composition were observed among different ear parts. For the flag leaf, neoxanthin and beta-carotene decreased concomitantly with chlorophyll, whereas lutein and xanthophyll cycle pigment were less affected, leading to increases in lutein/chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigment/chlorophyll ratios. Fv/Fm, phi(PSII), qP, and F'v/F'm decreased gradually in the flag leaf and ear parts but to different extents. The largest changes were observed in awns, followed by the lemmas of floret 2, the lemmas of floret 1, glumes, and the flag leaf, respectively. The results suggest that during grain filling, a down-regulation of PSII associated with an increase of the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids occurred in the flag leaf but not in the ear parts.