Leidl K, Baumann M P O, Schenkel F
Postgraduate Studies in International Animal Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Luisenstr. 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Rev Sci Tech. 2004 Apr;23(1):207-24; discussion 391-401. doi: 10.20506/rst.23.1.1477.
About thirty years ago the financial, logistic and manpower resources of veterinary and animal production services in the developing world were stretched to the limit. Epizootic disease control was their main and often only field activity, which left livestock owners to manage their daily production and health problems alone. To meet their requirements, Veterinary Services in these countries came under increasing public and political pressure to modify and adjust their approaches. This gave rise to a series of workshops in Africa (e.g. Bujumbura in Burundi and Blantyre in Malawi) and South-East Asia (e.g. Singapore, and Khon Kaen in Thailand), most of which were organised and facilitated by the German Agency for Technical Co-operation (GTZ) in close collaboration with French and British development co-operation agencies and universities. These workshops stimulated discussion with the key stakeholders and, thus, were most beneficial in supporting the process of developing alternative approaches. This paper reports in particular on the outcomes of the regional workshops held in Bujumbura, Burundi, in 1984, Blantyre, Malawi, in 1985, Bangui, Central African Republic, in 1988, Khon Kaen, Thailand, in 1989, Schmitten, Germany, in 1991, and Mzuzu, Malawi, in 1996 and 2000. For more than two decades, concepts of community-based livestock services in general, and primary animal health activities (PAHAs) in particular, have been developed and established in various developing countries. Over the years the PAHA concept has proved to be effective and has shown that livestock-keeping communities clearly benefit from such programmes. In presenting key features from some prominent and successful project examples (GTZ-supported projects in Thailand, Malawi and Somalia) it can be demonstrated that such approaches are not static but rather dynamic, requiring open minded innovative partners on both sides. Over the last few years, the delivery of PAHA has become the domain of non-governmental organisations. The propagation and application of this approach in various developing countries with limited veterinary infrastructure is supporting a privatisation process within the existing governmental veterinary structures, thus, allowing veterinary departments more freedom to focus on their core functions.
大约三十年前，发展中国家兽医及畜牧生产服务的资金、后勤和人力资源已被压榨至极限。动物疫病控制是其主要且往往是唯一的实地活动，这使得牲畜养殖户只能独自应对日常生产和健康问题。为满足养殖户的需求，这些国家的兽医服务部门面临着越来越大的公众和政治压力，要求其改变和调整工作方式。这引发了一系列在非洲（如布隆迪的布琼布拉和马拉维的布兰太尔）和东南亚（如新加坡以及泰国的孔敬）举办的研讨会，其中大部分是由德国技术合作机构（GTZ）在法国和英国发展合作机构及大学的密切协作下组织和推动的。这些研讨会激发了与关键利益相关者的讨论，因此，对支持替代方法的开发过程极为有益。本文特别报告了1984年在布隆迪布琼布拉、1985年在马拉维布兰太尔、1988年在中非共和国班吉、1989年在泰国孔敬、1991年在德国施米滕以及1996年和2000年在马拉维姆祖祖举办的区域研讨会的成果。二十多年来，基于社区的畜牧服务概念，尤其是初级动物卫生活动（PAHA），已在不同发展中国家得到发展和确立。多年来，PAHA概念已证明是有效的，且表明从事畜牧养殖的社区明显从这类项目中受益。通过介绍一些突出且成功的项目实例（GTZ在泰国、马拉维和索马里支持的项目）的关键特征，可以证明此类方法并非一成不变，而是动态的，需要双方都有思想开放的创新伙伴。在过去几年中，PAHA的提供已成为非政府组织的领域。这种方法在兽医基础设施有限的各个发展中国家的传播和应用，正在支持现有政府兽医结构内部的私有化进程，从而使兽医部门能够有更多自由专注于其核心职能。
