Isbister Geoffrey K, Framenau Volker W
Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, University of Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(2):153-61. doi: 10.1081/clt-120030941.
Necrotic arachnidism continues to be attributed to wolf spider bites. This study investigates the clinical effects of bites by wolf spiders in Australia (family Lycosidae).
Subjects were recruited prospectively from February 1999 to April 2001 from participating emergency departments or state poison information centers. Subjects were included if they had a definite bite by a wolf spider and had collected the spider, which was later identified by an arachnologist. Spiders were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible and cephalothorax width was measured to correlate bite effects and spider size.
There were 45 definite wolf spider bites (23 male and 22 female patients; age range 1 to 69 years, median age 28 years). Species level identifications (14 species) were possible for 31 of 43 spiders belonging to seven different generic groupings. Most bites were by spiders from four generic groupings, Tasmanicosa (including 'Lycosa') (15), Venatrix (8), Venator (10), and Hogna (7). Bites occurred more commonly in south-eastern Australia and occurred throughout the year, with 7 bites (16%) in late autumn or winter. In 7 cases (16%) the person was swimming in or cleaning a pool. Seventy-two percent of bites occurred on distal parts of limbs. Pain occurred in all bites and was severe in 11 cases (24%), with a median duration of 10 min (IQR: 2-60 min). Other effects included puncture marks/bleeding (33%), swelling (20%), redness (67%), and itchiness (13%). Minor systemic effects occurred in three patients (7%): nausea (two), headache (one) and malaise (one). There were no cases of necrotic ulcers [0%; 97.5% CI 0-8%]. Tasmanicosa spider bites caused significantly more itchiness and redness, and large spiders (>5 mm) more often caused severe pain and left fang marks.
Wolf spider bites cause minor effects, no more severe than most other spiders, and do not appear to cause necrotic ulcers. The effects are likely to be due to mechanical injury, although minor local envenomation occurs with Tasmanicosa bites.
坏死性蛛蛛中毒仍被认为是狼蛛叮咬所致。本研究调查了澳大利亚狼蛛（狼蛛科）叮咬的临床影响。
1999年2月至2001年4月，从参与研究的急诊科或州中毒信息中心前瞻性招募研究对象。若研究对象被狼蛛明确叮咬且收集到了该蜘蛛，且该蜘蛛后来由蛛形学家鉴定，则纳入研究。尽可能将蜘蛛鉴定到最低分类水平，并测量头胸宽度以关联叮咬影响和蜘蛛大小。
共有45例明确的狼蛛叮咬（男性患者23例，女性患者22例；年龄范围1至69岁，中位年龄28岁）。属于七个不同属类的43只蜘蛛中，有31只可鉴定到种的水平（共14种）。大多数叮咬是由来自四个属类的蜘蛛造成的，即塔斯马尼亚狼蛛属（包括“狼蛛属”）（15例）、狩猎狼蛛属（8例）、食虫狼蛛属（10例）和霍格那狼蛛属（7例）。叮咬在澳大利亚东南部更为常见，全年均有发生，其中7例（16%）发生在深秋或冬季。7例（16%）患者当时正在泳池游泳或清理泳池。72%的叮咬发生在四肢远端。所有叮咬均出现疼痛，11例（24%）疼痛严重，中位持续时间为10分钟（四分位间距：2 - 60分钟）。其他影响包括穿刺痕迹/出血（33%）、肿胀（20%）、发红（67%）和瘙痒（13%）。3例患者（7%）出现轻微全身症状：恶心（2例）、头痛（1例）和不适（1例）。未出现坏死性溃疡病例[0%；97.5%置信区间0 - 8%]。塔斯马尼亚狼蛛属蜘蛛叮咬导致的瘙痒和发红明显更多，大型蜘蛛（>5毫米）更常引起严重疼痛并留下毒牙痕迹。
狼蛛叮咬造成的影响较小，不比大多数其他蜘蛛叮咬更严重，且似乎不会导致坏死性溃疡。这些影响可能是由于机械损伤，不过塔斯马尼亚狼蛛属叮咬会出现轻微的局部中毒。
