Dean Stephen
University of Maryland, Baltimore County's Emergency Health Services Department, USA.
Emerg Med Serv. 2004 Jun;33(6):116-8.
A review of the scientific, administrative and popular literature on system status management and vehicle location reveals the following: 1. Historical demand patterns can be used to predict future patterns. 2. If the number of calls exceeds the number of ambulances available, calls must wait for an available ambulance, and this increases response time averages. Response times can be reduced by matching the number of ambulances with the number of calls received (matching supply with demand). 3. Response times can be reduced by dispersing ambulances in a service area and also by placing ambulances near the locations of expected clusters of calls. 4. Ambulance demand patterns fluctuate by hour of day and by day of week. 5. All ambulance services have some sort of procedures and policies for preparing for the next response (system status management). Some use algorithms and step-by-step procedures to prepare for the next call; others rely upon dispatchers to invent them on the spot. 6. Ambulance response times can be improved using dynamic deployment and peak-load staffing, but it is also possible to reduce quality with these techniques. Results are influenced by system design, competence of the managers and commitment of the workforce.
对有关系统状态管理和车辆定位的科学、行政及大众文献进行综述后发现如下情况：1. 历史需求模式可用于预测未来模式。2. 如果呼叫数量超过可用救护车数量，呼叫就必须等待有空余的救护车，这会增加平均响应时间。通过使救护车数量与接到的呼叫数量相匹配（供需匹配），可以缩短响应时间。3. 通过在服务区域内分散救护车以及将救护车放置在预期呼叫集中地点附近，可以缩短响应时间。4. 救护车需求模式会因一天中的不同时段和一周中的不同日期而波动。5. 所有救护车服务机构都有某种为下一次响应做准备的程序和政策（系统状态管理）。一些机构使用算法和分步程序为下一次呼叫做准备；其他机构则依靠调度员当场制定。6. 使用动态部署和高峰负荷人员配备可以改善救护车响应时间，但这些技术也可能降低服务质量。结果受到系统设计、管理人员能力和工作人员投入程度的影响。
