Unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in Africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations.

Malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout Africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. Depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. Major vectors are Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili and Anopheles moucheti. They all belong to species complexes or groups of closely related species that are very difficult to set apart on morphological grounds. Recent research on the bionomics, morphology and genetics of these mosquito species and populations produced innovative results. New species were described and straightforward molecular identification tools were implemented. We review here these recent findings and discuss research opportunities in light of recent advances in molecular entomology and genomics.