Pillgram-Larsen J, Mellesmo S
Thoraxkirurgisk avdeling, Kirurgisk klinikk, Ullevål sykehus, Oslo.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1992 Jun 30;112(17):2188-90.
In autumn 1991, 68 patients with traumatic amputations after injuries caused by mines were evacuated to the United Nation's field hospital in the demilitarized zone between Iraq and Kuwait. Most were seen during a three week period when civilians harvested mines. During the first days of this period, continuous bleeding distally to applied tourniquets was frequently observed. Orders were issued to remove any tourniquets and cover the wounds with a very tight elastic bandage. Prehospital intravenous infusions were decreased. Three out of 18 patients died prior to the change of routine compared with one out of 50 afterwards. The new directives led to visibly less haemorrhage. Haemoglobin on admission was mean 8.6 g/100 ml during the first part of the observation period compared with mean 10.5 g/100 ml with the new routine. 23 patients received blood transfusions. Fewer patients needed transfusions after the use of tourniquets was discontinued. A tourniquet should not be used in the treatment of bleeding extremity injuries. In extensive crush injuries and traumatic amputations a compressive dressing should be used, applied from the end of the extremity in a proximal direction.
1991年秋,68名因地雷受伤导致外伤性截肢的患者被疏散到伊拉克和科威特之间非军事区的联合国野战医院。大多数患者是在平民扫雷的三周期间被送来的。在此期间的头几天,经常观察到在使用止血带的远端持续出血。于是下达命令,取下所有止血带,用非常紧的弹性绷带包扎伤口。院前静脉输液量减少。在改变常规治疗方法之前,18名患者中有3人死亡,而之后50名患者中有1人死亡。新的治疗方法明显减少了出血。在观察期的第一阶段,入院时的平均血红蛋白水平为8.6克/100毫升,而采用新常规治疗方法后平均为10.5克/100毫升。23名患者接受了输血。停止使用止血带后,需要输血的患者减少。在治疗四肢出血性损伤时不应使用止血带。对于大面积挤压伤和外伤性截肢,应使用压迫性敷料,从肢体末端向近端包扎。