Kaufmann Christian, Briegel Hans
Zoologisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
J Vector Ecol. 2004 Jun;29(1):140-53.
The flight potential and metabolism of two malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.str. and An. atroparvus, were analyzed on flightmills. The flight distance, the flight time, and individual flight activities of females were recorded during 22 h flight trials. The glycogen and lipid before flight, after flight, and of unflown controls were measured for starved, sugar-, or blood-fed females. Maximal flight distances of An. gambiae were 9 km when sugar-fed and 10 km when blood-fed, while in starved females it was below 3 km and the average speed was around 1 km/h. In Anopheles atroparvus, the maximal flight distances were 10-12 km when sugar-fed, 4.5 km when blood-fed, and below 3.5 km when starved, with an average speed of 1.3 km/h. Flight performances consisted of 1-4 h intervals of continuous flights, but mainly of bouts shorter than one h, randomly distributed during the long flight trials in both species. An. gambiae utilized an average of 47% of its pre-flight carbohydrate reserves for survival and 38% for flight at a rate of 0.07 cal/h/female. After a blood meal they utilized 11% for survival and 61% for flight at a rate of 0.04 cal/h. At the same time, 25% of the pre-flight lipid was mobilized for flight at a rate of 0.09 cal/h when sugar-fed and 22% when blood-fed at a rate of 0.06 cal/h; lipid was barely mobilized for survival. An. atroparvus differed: carbohydrate mobilization was 28% for survival and 41% for flight at a rate of 0.15 cal/h when sugar-fed; lipid mobilization for flight was only 13% at a rate of 0.06 cal/h. After a blood meal only 2% of the pre-flight lipid was used (0.02 cal/h). The contribution of carbohydrate reserves for flight metabolism at the high rate of 0.21 cal/h could not be fully elucidated because its decrease coincided with a pronounced resynthesis from the blood meal. An. atroparvus always depended on sugar meals for its flight activities and barely utilized lipid reserves. An. gambiae was independent of sugar sources for strong flights due to its early blood feeding and because of its equicaloric lipid mobilization during flights. Strong evidence for lipid oxidation during its flight is discussed.
在飞行磨上分析了两种疟疾传播媒介冈比亚按蚊指名亚种和阿氏按蚊的飞行潜能及新陈代谢。在22小时的飞行试验中记录了雌蚊的飞行距离、飞行时间和个体飞行活动。对饥饿、取食糖或血液的雌蚊，测量了飞行前、飞行后以及未飞行对照的糖原和脂质含量。冈比亚按蚊取食糖时的最大飞行距离为9千米，取食血液时为10千米，而饥饿雌蚊的最大飞行距离低于3千米，平均速度约为1千米/小时。在阿氏按蚊中，取食糖时的最大飞行距离为10 - 12千米，取食血液时为4.5千米，饥饿时低于3.5千米，平均速度为1.3千米/小时。飞行表现包括1 - 4小时的连续飞行时段，但主要是短于1小时的飞行回合，在这两个物种的长时间飞行试验中随机分布。冈比亚按蚊飞行前碳水化合物储备平均有47%用于生存，38%用于飞行，飞行速率为0.07卡路里/小时/雌蚊。取食血液后，它们有11%用于生存，61%用于飞行，飞行速率为0.04卡路里/小时。同时，飞行前25%的脂质被动员用于飞行，取食糖时飞行速率为0.09卡路里/小时，取食血液时为0.06卡路里/小时；脂质几乎未被动员用于生存。阿氏按蚊则不同：取食糖时碳水化合物动员用于生存的比例为28%，用于飞行的比例为41%，飞行速率为0.15卡路里/小时；用于飞行的脂质动员比例仅为13%，速率为0.06卡路里/小时。取食血液后，仅使用了飞行前2%的脂质（0.02卡路里/小时）。由于其减少与取食血液后明显的再合成同时发生，所以无法完全阐明碳水化合物储备以0.21卡路里/小时的高速率对飞行新陈代谢的贡献。阿氏按蚊的飞行活动始终依赖于取食糖，几乎不利用脂质储备。冈比亚按蚊由于早期取食血液且在飞行过程中脂质等热量动员，其强力飞行不依赖糖源。文中讨论了其飞行过程中脂质氧化的有力证据。
