APOBEC-mediated editing of viral RNA.

Retroviral DNA can be subjected to cytosine-to-uracil editing through the action of members of the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases. Here we demonstrate that APOBEC-mediated cytidine deamination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virion RNA can also occur. We speculate that the natural substrates of the APOBEC enzymes may extend to RNA viruses that do not replicate through DNA intermediates. Thus, cytosine-to-uracil editing may contribute to the sequence diversification of many viruses.