Mark Manuel, Ghyselinck Norbert B, Chambon Pierre
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France.
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2004 Oct;14(5):591-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2004.07.012.
Branchial arches develop through a complex sequence of interactions between migrating cells, derived from neural crest and mesoderm, and epithelia of ectodermal and endodermal origin, to yield a variety of derivatives, notably skeletal elements, arteries and glands. In all vertebrate species, dramatic malformations generated by experimental blocks or activations of retinoic acid signalling highlight key roles for this molecule in the endoderm for branchial arch formation and morphogenesis.
鳃弓通过源自神经嵴和中胚层的迁移细胞与外胚层和内胚层来源的上皮之间复杂的相互作用序列发育而成，产生多种衍生物，特别是骨骼成分、动脉和腺体。在所有脊椎动物物种中，视黄酸信号通路的实验性阻断或激活所产生的严重畸形突出了该分子在内胚层中对鳃弓形成和形态发生的关键作用。
