Lundin R, Barabash S, Andersson H, Holmström M, Grigoriev A, Yamauchi M, Sauvaud J-A, Fedorov A, Budnik E, Thocaven J-J, Winningham D, Frahm R, Scherrer J, Sharber J, Asamura K, Hayakawa H, Coates A, Linder D R, Curtis C, Hsieh K C, Sandel B R, Grande M, Carter M, Reading D H, Koskinen H, Kallio E, Riihela P, Schmidt W, Säles T, Kozyra J, Krupp N, Woch J, Luhmann J, McKenna-Lawler S, Cerulli-Irelli R, Orsini S, Maggi M, Mura A, Milillo A, Roelof E, Williams D, Livi S, Brandt P, Wurz P, Bochsler P
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden.
Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1933-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1101860.
The Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA) on board the Mars Express spacecraft found that solar wind plasma and accelerated ionospheric ions may be observed all the way down to the Mars Express pericenter of 270 kilometers above the dayside planetary surface. This is very deep in the ionosphere, implying direct exposure of the martian topside atmosphere to solar wind plasma forcing. The low-altitude penetration of solar wind plasma and the energization of ionospheric plasma may be due to solar wind irregularities or perturbations, to magnetic anomalies at Mars, or both.
火星快车号航天器上的空间等离子体和高能原子分析仪（ASPERA）发现，在昼侧行星表面上方270公里的火星快车近心点高度，都可以观测到太阳风等离子体和加速的电离层离子。这处于电离层的非常深处，意味着火星高层大气直接暴露于太阳风等离子体的作用力之下。太阳风等离子体的低空穿透以及电离层等离子体的能量激发，可能是由于太阳风不规则性或扰动、火星上的磁异常，或者两者兼而有之。
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