Strategies for postoperative pain management.

Despite advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of nociception, postoperative pain continues to be undertreated. There are many modalities that may provide effective postoperative analgesia, including systemic (e.g. opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents) and regional analgesic options. The particular modality or modalities utilized for a particular patient will depend on the risk-benefit profile and patient preferences. Ideally, analgesic options should be incorporated into a multimodal approach to facilitate patient recovery after surgery.