Friedman Lee, Haines Abby, Klann Ken, Gallaugher Laura, Salibra Lawrence, Han Fang, Strohl Kingman P
The MIND Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Nov;97(5):1787-95. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01394.2003.
The pattern of breathing during sleep could be a heritable trait. Our intent was to test this genetic hypothesis in inbred mouse strains known to vary in breathing patterns during wakefulness (Han F, Subramanian S, Dick TE, Dreshaj IA, and Strohl KP. J Appl Physiol 91: 1962-1970, 2001; Han F, Subramanian S, Price ER, Nadeau J, and Strohl KP, J Appl Physiol 92: 1133-1140, 2002) to determine whether such differences persisted into non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Measures assessed in C57BL/6J (B6; Jackson Laboratory) and two A/J strains (A/J Jackson and A/J Harlan) included ventilatory behavior [respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow, and duty cycle (inspiratory time/total breath time)], and metabolism, as performed by the plethsmography method with animals instrumented to record EEG, electromyogram, and heart rate. In all strains, there were reductions in minute ventilation and CO2 production in NREM compared with wakefulness (P < 0.001) and a further reduction in REM compared with NREM (P < 0.001), but no state-by-stain interactions. Frequency showed strain (P < 0.0001) and state-by-strain interactions (P < 0.0001). The A/J Jackson did not change frequency in REM vs. NREM [141 +/- 15 (SD) vs. 139 +/- 14 breaths/min; P = 0.92], whereas, in the A/J Harlan, it was lower in REM vs. NREM (168 +/- 14 vs. 179 +/- 12 breaths/min; P = 0.0005), and, in the B6, it was higher in REM vs. NREM (209 +/- 12 vs. 188 +/- 13 breaths/min; P < 0.0001). Heart rate exhibited strain (P = 0.003), state (P < 0.0001), and state-by-strain interaction (P = 0.017) and was lower in NREM sleep in the A/J Harlan (P = 0.035) and B6 (P < 0.0001). We conclude that genetic background affects features of breathing during NREM and REM sleep, despite broad changes in state, metabolism, and heart rate.
睡眠期间的呼吸模式可能是一种可遗传的特征。我们的目的是在已知清醒时呼吸模式存在差异的近交系小鼠品系中检验这一基因假说（Han F、Subramanian S、Dick TE、Dreshaj IA和Strohl KP。《应用生理学杂志》91: 1962 - 1970，2001年；Han F、Subramanian S、Price ER、Nadeau J和Strohl KP，《应用生理学杂志》92: 1133 - 1140，2002年），以确定这些差异在非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠和快速眼动（REM）睡眠中是否持续存在。在C57BL/6J（B6；杰克逊实验室）和两个A/J品系（A/J杰克逊和A/J哈兰）中评估的指标包括通气行为[呼吸频率、潮气量、分钟通气量、平均吸气流量和占空比（吸气时间/总呼吸时间）]以及代谢，通过体积描记法进行测量，同时给动物植入记录脑电图、肌电图和心率的仪器。在所有品系中，与清醒相比，NREM睡眠中的分钟通气量和二氧化碳产生量均降低（P < 0.001），与NREM相比，REM睡眠中的这些指标进一步降低（P < 0.001），但不存在品系与睡眠状态的交互作用。呼吸频率显示出品系差异（P < 0.0001）以及品系与睡眠状态的交互作用（P < 0.0001）。A/J杰克逊品系在REM睡眠与NREM睡眠中的呼吸频率没有变化[141 ± 15（标准差）次/分钟对139 ± 14次/分钟；P = 0.92]，而在A/J哈兰品系中，REM睡眠时的呼吸频率低于NREM睡眠时（168 ± 14次/分钟对179 ± 12次/分钟；P = 0.0005），在B6品系中，REM睡眠时的呼吸频率高于NREM睡眠时（209 ± 12次/分钟对188 ± 13次/分钟；P < 0.0001）。心率显示出品系差异（P = 0.003）、睡眠状态差异（P < 0.0001）以及品系与睡眠状态的交互作用（P = 0.017），在A/J哈兰品系（P = 0.035）和B6品系（P < 0.0001）的NREM睡眠中，心率较低。我们得出结论，尽管睡眠状态、代谢和心率发生了广泛变化，但基因背景仍会影响NREM睡眠和REM睡眠期间的呼吸特征。
