Kubin Leszek, Fenik Victor
Department of Animal Biology 209E/VET, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6046, USA.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004 Nov 15;143(2-3):235-49. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.04.017.
Activation of pontomedullary cholinergic neurons may directly and indirectly cause depression of respiratory motoneuronal activity, activation of respiratory premotor neurons and acceleration of the respiratory rate during REM sleep, as well as activation of breathing during active wakefulness. These effects may be mediated by distinct subpopulations of cholinergic neurons. The relative inactivity of cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep also may contribute to the depressant effects of this state on breathing. Cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are expressed in central respiratory neurons and motoneurons, thus allowing cholinergic neurons to act on the respiratory system directly. Additional effects of cholinergic activation are mediated indirectly by noradrenergic, serotonergic and other neurons of the reticular formation. Excitatory and suppressant respiratory effects with features of natural states of REM sleep or active wakefulness can be elicited in urethane-anesthetized rats by pontine microinjections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol. Carbachol models help elucidate the neural basis of respiratory disorders associated with central cholinergic activation.
脑桥延髓胆碱能神经元的激活可能直接或间接导致呼吸运动神经元活动的抑制、快速眼动睡眠期间呼吸前运动神经元的激活和呼吸频率的加快，以及清醒活跃状态下呼吸的激活。这些效应可能由不同的胆碱能神经元亚群介导。慢波睡眠期间胆碱能神经元的相对不活动也可能导致该状态对呼吸的抑制作用。胆碱能毒蕈碱和烟碱受体在中枢呼吸神经元和运动神经元中表达，从而使胆碱能神经元能够直接作用于呼吸系统。胆碱能激活的其他效应由去甲肾上腺素能、5-羟色胺能和网状结构的其他神经元间接介导。通过脑桥微量注射胆碱能激动剂卡巴胆碱，可在乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠中引发具有快速眼动睡眠或清醒活跃状态自然特征的兴奋性和抑制性呼吸效应。卡巴胆碱模型有助于阐明与中枢胆碱能激活相关的呼吸障碍的神经基础。
