Derks E M, Hudziak J J, van Beijsterveldt C E M, Dolan C V, Boomsma D I
Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Behav Genet. 2004 Nov;34(6):571-83. doi: 10.1007/s10519-004-5585-2.
There is increasing evidence that behavioral problems are common in very young children, yet little is known about the etiology of individual differences in these problems. It is unclear to what degree environmental and genetic factors influence the development of early child psychopathology. In this paper, we focus on the following issues. Firstly, to what degree do genetic and environmental factors influence variation in behavioral problems? Secondly, to what degree are these underlying etiological factors moderated by sex and informant? We investigate these issues by analyzing Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) data on 9689 3-year-old twin pairs.
Rater Bias and Psychometric Models were fitted to CBCL/2-3 data obtained from mothers and fathers to determine the genetic and environmental contributions to the five CBCL syndromes:aggressive, oppositional, overactive, withdrawn, and anxious/depressed behavior.
Parental ratings are influenced by aspects of the child's behavior that are experienced in the same way by both parents and by aspects of the child's behavior that are experienced uniquely by each parent. There is evidence for high genetic contributions to all CBCL syndromes. Shared and non-shared environmental influences play significant roles as well. One exception is overactive behavior, which is influenced by genetic and non-shared environmental influences only.
Variation in behavior problems in the very young shows high heritability. Individual raters offer unique perspectives that can have an impact on estimates of problem behavior and genetic architecture. Therefore, multi-informant approaches in the assessment of the very young will be useful to clinicians and researchers alike.
越来越多的证据表明行为问题在幼儿中很常见，但对于这些问题个体差异的病因却知之甚少。目前尚不清楚环境和遗传因素在多大程度上影响幼儿精神病理学的发展。在本文中，我们关注以下问题。第一，遗传和环境因素在多大程度上影响行为问题的变异？第二，这些潜在的病因因素在多大程度上受到性别和报告者的调节？我们通过分析9689对3岁双胞胎的儿童行为检查表（CBCL）数据来研究这些问题。
对从母亲和父亲那里获得的CBCL/2 - 3数据拟合评分者偏差和心理测量模型，以确定遗传和环境对CBCL的五种综合征的影响：攻击性行为、对立违抗行为、多动行为、退缩行为以及焦虑/抑郁行为。
父母的评分受到父母双方以相同方式经历的孩子行为方面以及每个父母独特经历的孩子行为方面的影响。有证据表明所有CBCL综合征都有较高的遗传贡献。共享和非共享环境影响也发挥着重要作用。一个例外是多动行为，它仅受遗传和非共享环境影响。
幼儿行为问题的变异显示出高度遗传性。个体报告者提供了独特的视角，可能会对问题行为和遗传结构的估计产生影响。因此，多报告者评估方法对临床医生和研究人员都将是有用的。
