Jaffee Sara R, Caspi Avshalom, Moffitt Terrie E, Polo-Tomas Monica, Price Thomas S, Taylor Alan
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2004 Nov;40(6):1047-58. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1047.
Research on child effects has demonstrated that children's difficult and coercive behavior provokes harsh discipline from adults. Using a genetically sensitive design, the authors tested the limits of child effects on adult behavior that ranged from the normative (corporal punishment) to the nonnormative (physical maltreatment). The sample was a 1994-1995 nationally representative birth cohort of 1,116 twins and their families who participated in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Study. Results showed that environmental factors accounted for most of the variation in corporal punishment and physical maltreatment. However, corporal punishment was genetically mediated in part, and the genetic factors that influenced corporal punishment were largely the same as those that influenced children's antisocial behavior, suggesting a child effect. The authors conclude that risk factors for maltreatment are less likely to reside within the child and more likely to reside in characteristics that differ between families.
关于儿童影响的研究表明，儿童的难相处和强迫行为会引发成年人的严厉管教。作者采用基因敏感设计，测试了儿童对成人行为影响的限度，这些行为范围从规范的（体罚）到不规范的（身体虐待）。样本是1994年至1995年全国代表性的出生队列，包括1116对双胞胎及其家庭，他们参与了环境风险纵向研究。结果表明，环境因素在体罚和身体虐待的差异中占了大部分。然而，体罚部分由基因介导，影响体罚的基因因素与影响儿童反社会行为的基因因素基本相同，这表明存在儿童影响。作者得出结论，虐待的风险因素不太可能存在于儿童自身，而更可能存在于家庭之间不同的特征中。
