Ganzer R, Köhler D, Neuhaus J, Dorschner W, Stolzenburg J-U
Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Anat Histol Embryol. 2004 Dec;33(6):355-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2004.00576.x.
The physiology of the muscle systems of the human lower urinary tract is still not known in detail. To study the functional basics of this complex organ system, experiments are often performed in animal models including rhesus monkeys. To apply the results of animal model studies to the humans, a clear knowledge of the comparative anatomy of both species is necessary. However, detailed comparative studies of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey and the humans are lacking. Accordingly, a detailed study on the sphincteric musculature of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey was performed in order to demonstrate anatomical correspondences and differences between both species. The lower urinary tract anatomy was investigated in 18 male and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by serial sections. Immunohistochemical staining methods were used to differentiate striated and smooth musculature. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed in order to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the different muscle systems. In both man and male rhesus monkeys, a urethral sphincter muscle exists independent of the pelvic floor musculature, with a smooth and a striated muscular part. A urinary diaphragm (diaphragma urogenitale) does neither exist in the rhesus monkey nor in the human. In contrast to women, a striated muscle encircles the urethra and vagina together in the female rhesus monkey. A vesical sphincter muscle, found in the human bladder outlet, does not exist in the rhesus monkey.
人类下尿路肌肉系统的生理学仍未完全明确。为了研究这个复杂器官系统的功能基础，常以包括恒河猴在内的动物模型进行实验。为了将动物模型研究的结果应用于人类，必须清楚了解这两个物种的比较解剖学。然而，目前缺乏对恒河猴和人类下尿路的详细比较研究。因此，开展了一项关于恒河猴下尿路括约肌的详细研究，以阐明两个物种之间的解剖学对应关系和差异。通过连续切片对18只雄性和雌性恒河猴（猕猴）的下尿路解剖结构进行了研究。采用免疫组织化学染色方法区分横纹肌和平滑肌。进行三维重建以展示不同肌肉系统的局部解剖结构。在人类和雄性恒河猴中，尿道括约肌独立于盆底肌肉系统存在，包括平滑肌和横纹肌部分。恒河猴和人类均不存在尿生殖膈。与女性不同，雌性恒河猴的尿道和阴道周围有一圈横纹肌。人类膀胱出口处的膀胱括约肌在恒河猴中不存在。
