Jaswal Vikram K
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Child Dev. 2004 Nov-Dec;75(6):1871-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00822.x.
A label can convey nonobvious information about category membership. Three studies show that preschoolers (N=144) sometimes ignore or reject labels that conflict with appearance, particularly when they are uncertain that the speaker meant to use those labels. In Study 1, 4-year-olds were more reluctant than 3-year-olds to accept that, for example, a cat-like animal was a dog just on the basis of hearing it called a dog. In Studies 2 and 3, this reluctance was overcome when the speaker explicitly or implicitly indicated that use of the unexpected labels was intentional. These studies demonstrate that preschoolers do not treat labels as atheoretical features of objects; rather, they interpret them in light of their understanding of the labeler's communicative intent.
一个标签可以传达关于类别归属的非显而易见的信息。三项研究表明，学龄前儿童（N = 144）有时会忽略或拒绝与外观冲突的标签，尤其是当他们不确定说话者有意使用这些标签时。在研究1中，4岁儿童比3岁儿童更不愿意仅仅因为听到一种像猫的动物被称为狗，就接受它是狗。在研究2和3中，当说话者明确或含蓄地表明使用意外标签是有意的时，这种不情愿就被克服了。这些研究表明，学龄前儿童不会将标签视为物体的无理论特征；相反，他们会根据对标签者交际意图的理解来解释这些标签。
