Rotter Vera Susanne, Kost Thomas, Winkler Joerg, Bilitewski Bernd
Department of Waste Management, Technical University Berlin, Jebensstrasse 1, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
Waste Manag. 2004;24(10):1005-21. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.015.
The authors evaluate the possibilities of modifying the chemical characteristics of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) that are processed from residual household waste by mechanical operations to achieve and assure quality targets for relevant chemical concentrations, especially for heavy metals and chlorine. Quality assurance in the production of RDF demands that, together with an enrichment of the calorific value, highly toxic waste components are selectively separated and concentrated in a small stream to produce high yields of a relatively low polluted fuel. Based on the method of material flow analysis, a process evaluation is developed that considers the aspect of minimizing hazardous chemicals along with classical process data such as yield and product quality. Data on specific concentration of hazardous chemicals in waste components and their distribution in residual household waste as well as the results from large-scale test runs using different separation techniques demonstrate that mechanical operations alone are insufficient for separating hazardous chemicals. In the test runs, chemical compounds such as chlorine, cadmium and lead were often concentrated in the product. Even using optimized techniques, the ability to reduce hazards in the product is limited due to the distribution of the element concentration in the various components of the waste stream.
作者评估了通过机械操作对源自残余生活垃圾的垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的化学特性进行改性的可能性，以实现并确保相关化学物质浓度的质量目标，特别是针对重金属和氯。RDF生产中的质量保证要求，在提高热值的同时，将剧毒废物成分选择性地分离并浓缩到一小股物流中，以生产出相对低污染的高产量燃料。基于物质流分析方法，开发了一种过程评估方法，该方法在考虑诸如产量和产品质量等经典过程数据的同时，还考虑了将有害化学物质降至最低的方面。关于废物成分中有害化学物质的特定浓度及其在残余生活垃圾中的分布数据，以及使用不同分离技术进行的大规模试验运行结果表明，仅靠机械操作不足以分离有害化学物质。在试验运行中，诸如氯、镉和铅等化合物经常在产品中浓缩。即使使用优化技术，由于元素浓度在废物流各成分中的分布，降低产品中危害的能力也是有限的。
