Gilchrist J, Jones B H, Sleet D A, Kimsey C D
Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, USA.
MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000 Mar 31;49(RR-2):15-33.
The numerous health benefits of physical activity have been well documented, resulting in public health support of regular physical activity and exercise. Although beneficial, exercise also has corresponding risks, including musculoskeletal injuries. The incidence and risk factors for exercise-related injury have been poorly assessed in women. Many civilian exercise activities (e.g., jogging, walking, and erobics) have corollaries in military physical training; injury incidence and risk factors associated with military physical training have been more thoroughly studied.
Injury risks increase as the amount of training increases (increased xposure). The same exercise parameters that can be modified to enhance physical fitness (i.e., frequency, duration, and intensity) also influence the risk for injury in a dose-response manner. Higher levels of current physical fitness (aerobic fitness) protect the participant against future injury. A history of previous injury is a risk factor for future injury. Smoking cigarettes has been associated with increased risk for exercise-related injury. Studies conducted in military populations suggest that the most important risk factor for injuries among persons engaged in vigorous weight-bearing aerobic physical activity might be low aerobic fitness rather than female sex.
Because of the limited scientific research regarding women engaging in exercise, general recommendations are provided. Women starting exercise programs should be realistic about their goals and start slowly at frequency, duration, and intensity levels commensurate with their current physical fitness condition. Women should be informed about the early indicators of potential injury. Women who have sustained an injury should take precautions to prevent reinjury (e.g., ensuring appropriate recovery and rehabilitation).
In general, a combination of factors affects the risk for exercise-related injury in women. How these factors act singly and in combination to influence injury risk is not well understood. Additional research regarding exercise-related injury in women is needed to answer many of the remaining epidemiologic questions and to help develop exercise programs that improve health while reducing the risk for injury.
Exercise is an important component in improving and maintaining health; however, injury is also an accompanying risk. A review of key military and civilian research studies regarding exercise-related injuries provides some clues to reducing these injuries in women. Greater adherence to exercise guidelines can help decrease these risks.
体育活动对健康有诸多益处，这已得到充分证明，从而获得了公众对定期体育活动和锻炼的支持。尽管锻炼有益，但也存在相应风险，包括肌肉骨骼损伤。女性运动相关损伤的发生率和风险因素评估不足。许多平民的锻炼活动（如慢跑、散步和有氧运动）在军事体能训练中有类似项目；与军事体能训练相关的损伤发生率和风险因素已得到更深入研究。
损伤风险随着训练量的增加（暴露增加）而升高。那些可用于增强身体素质的相同运动参数（即频率、持续时间和强度）也以剂量反应方式影响损伤风险。当前较高水平的身体素质（有氧适能）可保护参与者避免未来受伤。既往有损伤史是未来受伤的风险因素。吸烟与运动相关损伤风险增加有关。在军事人群中进行的研究表明，从事剧烈负重有氧体育活动的人群中，受伤的最重要风险因素可能是有氧适能低而非女性性别。
由于关于女性参与锻炼的科学研究有限，故提供一般性建议。开始锻炼计划的女性应对自己的目标保持现实态度，并从与当前身体状况相适应的频率、持续时间和强度水平开始，循序渐进。应告知女性潜在损伤的早期迹象。受过伤的女性应采取预防措施以防止再次受伤（如确保适当的恢复和康复）。
一般而言，多种因素共同影响女性运动相关损伤的风险。这些因素如何单独及共同作用以影响损伤风险尚不清楚。需要开展更多关于女性运动相关损伤的研究，以回答许多剩余的流行病学问题，并帮助制定既能改善健康又能降低损伤风险的锻炼计划。
锻炼是改善和维持健康的重要组成部分；然而，损伤也是伴随而来的风险。对有关运动相关损伤的关键军事和民用研究进行综述，为减少女性这些损伤提供了一些线索。更严格遵守锻炼指南有助于降低这些风险。
