Verkhratsky Alexei
The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biological Sciences, United Kingdom.
Physiol Rev. 2005 Jan;85(1):201-79. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2004.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest single intracellular organelle, which is present in all types of nerve cells. The ER is an interconnected, internally continuous system of tubules and cisterns, which extends from the nuclear envelope to axons and presynaptic terminals, as well as to dendrites and dendritic spines. Ca(2+) release channels and Ca(2+) pumps residing in the ER membrane provide for its excitability. Regulated ER Ca(2+) release controls many neuronal functions, from plasmalemmal excitability to synaptic plasticity. Enzymatic cascades dependent on the Ca(2+) concentration in the ER lumen integrate rapid Ca(2+) signaling with long-lasting adaptive responses through modifications in protein synthesis and processing. Disruptions of ER Ca(2+) homeostasis are critically involved in various forms of neuropathology.
内质网（ER）是最大的单个细胞内细胞器，存在于所有类型的神经细胞中。内质网是一个相互连接、内部连续的小管和扁平囊系统，从核膜延伸至轴突和突触前终末，以及树突和树突棘。内质网膜上的Ca(2+)释放通道和Ca(2+)泵赋予其兴奋性。受调控的内质网Ca(2+)释放控制着许多神经元功能，从质膜兴奋性到突触可塑性。依赖于内质网腔中Ca(2+)浓度的酶促级联反应通过蛋白质合成和加工的改变，将快速的Ca(2+)信号与持久的适应性反应整合在一起。内质网Ca(2+)稳态的破坏与各种形式的神经病理学密切相关。
