Burtscher Martin
Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria.
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Nov 30;116(21-22):703-14. doi: 10.1007/s00508-004-0258-y.
Life expectancy has markedly increased during recent decades, resulting in a growing number of older individuals. Many of these elderly are turning to mountain sports activities in search of fun and new challenges. Although the scientific community has taken broad interest in the ageing process and how it affects physical and mental performance, little attention has focused on the elderly mountaineer. Mountain sports demand a relatively high degree of physical fitness and, because fitness and health decline with age, the risk of injury and death during mountain sports will increase. However, little information is available on fitness requirements for elderly mountaineers. This article mainly focuses on such requirements, and on performance limitations, assessment of individual performance, and training recommendations. A normal ascent rate of 300 meters per hour (up to 3500 m) requires an altitude-dependent relative oxygen consumption of 18-22 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) or an ergometric performance of 1.2-1.5 watt x kg(-1) below the individual anaerobic threshold. Mild cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal diseases are not contraindications for mountain sports activities, provided the proposed fitness requirements are attained. A regular exercise-training program under medical and sports expert advice will help the elderly to achieve these fitness standards, enjoy the mountain environment, and prevent injuries and fatalities.
近几十年来，预期寿命显著提高，导致老年人口数量不断增加。这些老年人中有许多人转向山地体育活动，以寻求乐趣和新的挑战。尽管科学界广泛关注衰老过程及其对身体和心理表现的影响，但很少有人关注老年登山者。山地运动需要较高的身体素质，而且由于身体素质和健康状况会随着年龄增长而下降，山地运动期间受伤和死亡的风险将会增加。然而，关于老年登山者的体能要求，目前几乎没有相关信息。本文主要关注此类要求，以及表现限制、个人表现评估和训练建议。正常攀登速度为每小时300米（直至3500米），这需要根据海拔高度，相对耗氧量达到18 - 22毫升×分钟⁻¹×千克⁻¹，或在个体无氧阈值以下达到1.2 - 1.5瓦×千克⁻¹的测力计表现。轻度心肺和肌肉骨骼疾病并非山地体育活动的禁忌症，前提是达到建议的体能要求。在医学和体育专家的建议下，进行定期的运动训练计划将有助于老年人达到这些体能标准，享受山地环境，并预防受伤和死亡。
